242 



DRY AND MESOPHYTIC FOREST COMMUNITIES 



borer (Elaphidion villosum) (Fig. 229) in the twigs. The hickory 

 supports many larvae, including a Phylloxera which forms galls on the 

 leaves (see Fig. 277, p. 273). 



The red-tailed and red-shouldered hawks, the red-headed wood- 

 pecker, the wood-pewee, the crow, bluejay, robin, and bluebird nest in 

 the trees. The panther and wildcat (Lynx rufus) were former residents. 



Fig. 233. — The beech woods. Note small amount of undergrowth. 



Dead standing oaks are attacked by a series of animals. As soon 

 as the wood begins to soften, the four-legged larva of Passalus cornutus 

 often appears. This is succeeded by slugs and ants (Figs. 230, 231, 232). 



2. WOOD-FROG OR BEECH AND MAPLE FOREST ASSOCIATION 



(Stations 70, 71, 71a, 71 b; Tables LV, LXII) (Fig. 233) 

 The coming of this stage is indicated by the presence of seedlings 

 of beech and maple in the oak-hickory forest, e.g., at Suman, Ind. 



