244 



DRY AND MESOPHYTIC FOREST COMMUNITIES 



Pickering's tree-frog is sometimes abundant. The oven-bird nests on 

 the ground. 



b) Field and shrub strata. — The field stratum is very poorly devel- 

 oped in summer, herbaceous plants being most abundant in early spring. 

 The pawpaw supports the zebra swallowtail butterfly (Papilio ajax 

 Linn.), and the spice-bush the green-clouded swallowtail (Papilio troilus 

 Linn.). In the shrubbery in general we have taken snout-beetles, leaf- 

 beetles, etc., usually as incidental occurrences, however. A lacebug 

 (Gargaphia tiliae), which has been recorded on bass wood, and several 



Representatives of the Wood-Frog Association 

 Fig. 241. — The wood- frog (Rana sylvatica); about natural size. 

 Fig. 242. — The red-backed salamander (Plethodon cinereus); about natural size. 

 Fig. 243. — The remains of a fungus found growing under a pile of logs in moist 



woods (not beech), and the fungus-feeding beetle (Tritoma unicolor Say); about 



natural size. 



species of bugs and beetles have also been taken, but all are incidental 

 and of widely distributed species. 



c) Tree stratum. — On trunks, shelf fungi are common and are usually 

 inhabited on the under side by the tenebrionid beetle (Boletotherus 

 bifurcus) (156), a curious rustic beetle. Few characteristic species have 

 been taken from the trees. From the bark of the trunk we have taken 

 harvestmen (Oligolophus pictus and Liobunum nigropalpi) and from the 

 twigs woolly aphids (Pemphigus imbricator) (Fig. 245). There is an 

 occasional Io larva on the leaves (Fig. 244). 



The great crested flycatcher, wood-pewee, bluejay, scarlet tanager, 

 red-eyed vireo, and woodthrush nest in the low trees and on the lower 



