DRY FOREST MARGIN 



273 



The grape often grows in these situations, and is especially subject to 

 attack by the Phylloxera (Fig. 277) and the grapevine June beetle, the 

 larvae of the 8-spotted forester (Alypia octomaculata Fabr.), and the 

 grapevine epimens (Psychomorpha epimensis Drury) (163). All of these 

 spend a part of their lives in the ground. The Phylloxera (Fig. 277) 

 winters on the roots of the grape. The grape-beetle larva bores in wood. 

 The pupae of the two moths bore into rotten wood or the ground for 

 pupation and also to spend the winter. This may be an important cause 

 for their presence in the forest margin. Brownie-bugs are common 

 (Fig. 278). 



-- *0~j^%L ^Zzpcc 



Fig. 277. — The grapevine Phylloxera (Phylloxera vastairix Planch.) : a, leaf galls; 

 b, section of gall with mother louse at center with young clustered about; c, egg; 

 d, nymph; e, adult female; /, same from side; a, natural size, others much enlarged 

 (after Marlatt, Div. Ent., U.S. Dept. Agr.). 



One of the most interesting forms found here is Mantispa brunnea 

 (Fig. 279). This is a neuropterous insect w T ith forelegs adapted for 

 seizing prey. Its larva is a parasite in the egg-cases of spiders. The 

 adult appears in July. In the autumn, after the leaves have fallen, one 

 sees many nests of spiders on the high forest margin shrubs, so the young 

 parasites have a good chance to secure their best food conditions here. 



Hawthorns often occur, and on the trunks we rind woolly plant-lice 

 {Schizoneurd) in great white clusters (150). The hawthorn supports 

 many of the pests of the apple. 



