BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX 



(March 4, 1937) 



CLASSIFICATION OF COMMUNITIES 



Shelford, V. E. 1932. Basic Principles of the Classification of Communities 

 and Habitats and the Use of Terms. Ecology, 13 : 105-20. 

 The classification of communities used in this book was based on physical 

 conditions and physiological response. Since 1913 this viewpoint has been 

 abandoned because no experiments have been conducted on more important 

 species of most communities to support a physiological view. The present-day 

 nomenclature is based on the important organisms. The equivalents are as 

 follows: 



Animal Communities Present-Day 



Extensive formation Biotic formation or Biome 



Formation Associes 



Association except three noted below Associes 



Subf ormation Associes 



Stratum Layer Socies or Society 



Consocies Assembly (provisional) 



Mores Mores or life-habit 



The following biomes are recognized: 



1. Deciduous forest biome; two associations (climax) are present — beech- 

 maple-(wood frog) and oak-hickory- (green tiger-beetle). 



2. The grassland or prairie biome; only one association represented. 



3. Large lake biome; the deeper communities of Lake Michigan are some- 

 times regarded as a biome in a permanent or climax condition. In the case of 

 these climaxes the term "society" is applied to subordinate groups of animals. 

 For the nomenclature applied to organisms of various degrees of importance, 

 etc., see the next citation. 



Shelford, V. E., and Olson, S. 1935. Sere, climax, and influent animals with 

 special reference to the transcontinental coniferous forest. Ecology 16:375- 

 402. 



Chapter I 



I. HUMAN ECOLOGY 



Murchison, C. 1935. A handbook of social psychology. 1095 pp. Worcester. 

 Read, C. 1920. The origin of man and of his superstitions. 350 pp. Cam- 

 bridge. 



2. SECONDARY COMMUNITIES 



Van Deventer, W. C. 1936. Bird and mammal communities of pastures and 

 field borders in northern Illinois. Bull. Ecol. Soc. Amer. 17:28. 



337 



