INDEX OF SUBJECTS 



353 



Calumet beach, 46. 



Carbon dioxide: important to animals, 

 59, 60; in air, 59; in ponds, 68; in 

 sewage, 17; in springs, 93; in streams, 

 86; relation to quantity, 66-70. 



Carp, 31, 120, 130. 



Carrion: 219; feeder, 219. 



Catbird, 268, 275. 



Caterpillar: achemon sphinx, 232; 

 American dagger- moth, 192; cecropia, 

 198, 199; common to marsh forest 

 trees, 192; forest tent, 192; hickory- 

 tussock-moth, 192; maia moth, 26S; 

 prominent, 232, 233; puss, 232; slug, 

 233; smeared dagger-moth, 192; vice- 

 roy, 198, 199; white-marked tussock- 

 moth, 192. 



Catfish, lake, 85. See Bullhead. 



Cecidomyiidae, 215, 229. 



Center of distribution, 303. 



Char a, bottoms covered with, 140, 141, 

 142, 145; communities, 140-45; not 

 good animal food, 142. 



Characters of communities of forest, 250, 

 251. 



Chicago region: climate, former, 47, 

 present, 49; extent, 48; guide to, 50; 

 topography, 48; vegetation, 49. 



Chickadee, black-capped, 229. 



Chipmunk, 34, 196, 269, 274. 



C ho r data, 2. 



Chub : creek (See Horned dace) ; river, 

 119. 



Cicada: 227; nymphs, 262, 268. 



Circulation of water: lake, 60, 61; 

 pond, 136; stream, 60. 



Cladocerans, 76, 83, 134, 173. 



Cladocerans or Cladocera, scientific 

 names: 



— Aero perus harpae, 134. 



— Bosmina, 76: 



obtusirostris, 134. 



— Ceriodaphnia, 134, 152: 

 pulchella, 152. 

 quadrangula, 152. 

 reticulata, 134. 



— Chydorus sphaericus, 134. 



— Daphne: 



hyalina, 76, 83. 

 retrocurva, 76. 



— Daphnia. See Daphne. 



— Daphnidae, 278. 



— Diaphanosoma brachyurum, 134. 



— Leptodora hyalina, 76. 



— Macrothrix rosea, 134. 



— Pleuroxus denticulatus , 134. 

 — Polyphemus pediculus, 134. 

 — Scapholeberis mucronata, 134. 

 — Simocephalus serrulatus, 134. 



Classification: ecological, 2; taxonom- 

 ic, 2. 



Climate: 49; former, 47. 



Climatic communities, 38-41, 42, 49, 

 50, 310-15. 



Coloration, 25. 



Combinations of factors, 161-66. 



Communities: basis, 33, 34; behavior 

 in, 27; classification, 37-41; conver- 

 gence, 309-12; decline of primeval, 

 13-16; defined, 3; man-made, 12-18; 

 mapped, ii; of buildings, 16; of culti- 

 vated lands, 16; of forest, 189-261; 

 of forest border region, 39-41; of 

 forest margins, 262-77; of large lakes, 

 73-85; of marshes, 169-80; of orchards, 

 16; of ponds, 136-56; of prairies, 287- 

 98; of roadsides, 12, 16, 275, 276; of 

 small lakes, 125-35; of springs, 93; 

 of streams, 86-123; of thickets, 262- 

 77; relations of animals in, 35, 70-71, 

 166-68. 



Conditions of existence: aquatic, 58-72; 

 terrestrial, 157-67. 



Consocies: aphid, ^, 214, 234, 290; 

 beech log, _ 245-47; defined, 37; log, 

 150-51; pitcher-plant, 40, 193; pool, 

 39, 90; spring, 39, 93; temporary rapids, 

 39, 87, 88. 

 Convergence of communities: 309-12; 



of habitats, 93, 94. 

 Coot, 170. 

 Copepods: fecundity of, 35; in young 



ponds, 173. 

 Copepods, scientific names: 

 — Canthocamptus northumbricus, 206. 

 — Cyclops, 278: 



albidus, 134, 152, 206. 

 bicuspidatus, 76, 83. 

 leuckarti, 83. 

 prasinus, 83. 

 serrulatus, 134, 206. 

 viridis, 152. 



viridis americanus, 176, 206. 

 viridis brevispinosus, 134. 

 — Diaptomus, 179, 278, 279: 

 ashlandi, 83. 

 leptopus, 152. 

 oregonensis, 83. 

 reighardi, 135, 152. 

 stagnalis, 176, 179, 185. 

 — Epischura lacustris, 83. 



