MORPHOLOGY AND TAXONOMY OF MASTIGOPIIORA 297 



tral spindle fibers form a paradesmose. An axial strand of associated 

 rhizoplasts is also present in many types. Reproduction by longi- 

 tudinal division is characteristic throughout, the kinetic apparatus 

 in many cases being discarded and new ones formed. Multiple 

 di\'ision and somatella formation is also characteristic (Lophomon- 

 adida^). 



We follow Grassi (1917) and Koidzumi (1921) in placing the 

 numerous genera of Hypermastigida in six families, two of which, 

 Staurojoenidffi and Teratonymphidse, have only one genus each. 

 The latter is represented by a most unusual tv'pe, Teratonympha, 

 Koidz. with plications of the periplast which give it a character- 

 istic segmented appearance (F'ig. 142). 



FamUy 1. Lophomonadidse, Grassi.— In these forms the many 

 flagella are concentrated at the anterior end of the cell and arise 

 from a circle of basal bodies and blepharoplasts which form a 

 collar-like aggregate of kinetic elements. In all species thus far 

 described rhizoplasts unite posterior to the nucleus to form an axial 

 strand (Fig. 98, p. 212). A mouth being absent solid food sub- 

 stances are ingested at any part of the posterior end of the body 

 (Janicki). Division processes are complicated and involve the 

 degeneration and disappearance of the old kinetic apparatus and 

 flagella, and the formation of a new complex of nucleus, collar and 

 flagella for each of the daughter cells (Fig. 98). Multiple division 

 into eight occurs during encystment (LopJwmonas) . 



Family 2. Joenidse, Grassi.— As in the preceding family the 

 many flagella are confined to the anterior end or, exceptionally, 

 distributed over the larger part of the body (Mesojoenio). Some of 

 the flagella are directed posteriorly covering part of the body as 

 with a mantle (Joenia). A conspicuous and powerful axial strand 

 is invariable. Mode of life and reproduction are the same as in the 

 Lophomonadidse. They are parasites mainly of Calotermcs species. 



Family 3. Trichonymphidae, Janicki.— Very large parasites of 

 termites with numerous and long flagella arising from the anterior 

 third of the body. The flagellar area is distinctly marked oft" into 

 an anterior and a posterior zone. The anterior tip is free from 

 flagella and is proA'ided with a knob or tubular structure termed the 

 "head organ." An axial strand is absent but a fluid-filled vacuole 

 is present at the anterior end. The kinetic apparatus is very 

 complex and is re-formed at division. 



Family 4. Holomastigotidse, Janicki.— Here the entire body is 

 covered with cilia-like flagella which may be closely" set, without 

 especial arrangement, or arranged in spiral rows. A "head organ" 

 and an axial strand may also be present. 



