COMPILATION OF EXPERIMENTAL WORK 



AGEING OF EGGS 



Size. — Increase in volume with age (Goldforb, 1918a, b, 1935a; Smith and Clowes, 

 1924 b). Decrease when still older (Goldforb, 1935 a). 



Shape. — More globular with age (Goldforb, 1935 a). 



Jelly Layer. — Disappears (Goldforb, 1918a, b, and many others). 



Vitelline Membrane. — Stretches more and bursts more rapidly in hypotonic sea 

 water, with age (Goldforb and Schechter, 1932, Goldforb, 1937). 



Fertilization Membrane. — Retarded or lacking and closer to the egg, none after 

 36-52 hours at 20-2:3° (E. N. Harvey, 1910b, 1914; Goldforb, 1918a, b; Tyler, 

 Ricci, and Horowitz, 1938). 



Longevity. — Of unfertilized egg is indicated by ability to form fertilization mem- 

 brane, i.e. 36 to 52 hours after shedding (See above). Longevity can be increased by 

 (i) sterile conditions (Gorham and Tower, 1902; Tyler et al., 1938, to 10 days) ; (2) 

 KCN (Loeb and Lewis, 1902, to 7 days; Loeb, 191 1, 1913a, p. 26) ; (3) 2 % alcohol 

 (Tyler et al., 1938, to double the time) ; (4) chloral hydrate (Loeb, 1913 a, p. 91) ; (5) 

 dinitro-o-cresol (Clowes and Krahl, 1936a); (6) acid sea water of pH 5.8 to 6.0 

 (Smith and Clowes, 1924b) ; (7) low calcium content of sea water (Schechter, 1937) ; 

 (8) anaerobiosis (Loeb and Lewis, 1902; Loeb, 191 1, 1913a, p. 26, slight increase). 

 See Cyanides. 



Polyspermy. — Increases with age (Goldforb, 1918b; Smith and Clowes, 1924b). 



Oil Coalescence. — Increases (Chambers and Kopac, 1937,- Kopac and Chambers, 



1937)- 



Cytolysis. — Increases with age (Goldforb, 1918a, b; Page, 1929a). 



Agglutination. — And fusion of eggs (Goldforb, 1918a, b, 1929b, c). 



Separation of Blastomeres. — (Goldforb, 1918b). 



Cleavage. — Slower, more irregular and fewer eggs cleave (Goldforb, 1918a, b; 

 Smith and Clowes, 1924 b). 



Respiration. — Increase (Wasteneys, 1916; Gerard and Rubenstein, 1934; Tyler, 

 Ricci, and Horowitz, 1936, due to bacteria). 



Permeability K^Increase (Goldforb and Schechter, 1932; Goldforb, 1935 c), 



Vvicosity. — Increase for 35 hours, then decrease (Goldforb, 1935 b). 



Breaking with Centrifugal Force. — Less readily (Shapiro, 1935 b; E. B. H. unpub.). 



Ageing of Eggs in Animal. — Due to lateness of season or to keeping animals in 

 aquaria one to three months. Cleavage takes longer, irrespective of temperature; 

 eggs are more viscous, take longer to stratify; break less readily with centrifugal 

 force; some red granules remain in white half after centrifuging (E. B.Harvey, 1939 b). 

 Oxygen consumption is reduced (Shapiro, 1935 c). Amount of carbohydrate and 

 phosphorus is greater, and of nitrogen is less (Hutchens, Keltch, Krahl, and Clowes, 

 1942; Crane, 1947). Eggs lose pigment with time and become pale (E. B. H.). 



AGGLUTININ 



see Fertilizin 



AMOEBOCYTES (ELAEOCYTES) 



(See Chromatophores, Echinochrome, Perivisceral Fluid) 



Definition. — Amoebocytes are small amoeboid cells in the perivisceral fluid, white 

 and red, the red ones being filled with chromatophores containing echinochrome 

 (Plate XVI, Photograph 5). 



^ Permeability means permeability to water throughout this Compilation unless other- 

 wise indicated. 



