OF EXPERIMENTAL WORK I57 



Agglutination. — Of sperm caused by calcium (Loeb, 1915 a). See also Vasseur 

 ( 1 949 a) for S. drobachiensis. 



Formation of Skeleton. — ^Calcium necessary for pluteus (probably P. lividus) ; if 

 i/ioth of Ca in sea water is precipitated by sodium oxalate a recognizable alteration 

 in development occurs (Pouchet and Chabry, 1889 a, b). 



Other Species (additional) and General References 



Bialaszewicz, 1927, 1929. A. lixula, Paracentrotus lividus; electrolytes. 



Costello, 1932. Echinarachnius parma, surface precipitation reaction. 



Fukuda, 1934. Pseudocentrotus depressus, membrane and s.p.r. 



Heilbrunn, 1952. General Physiology, p. 530. 



Herbst, 1904. Salts necessary for development. 



Hultin, 1949 b. Psammechinus miliaris, respiration of egg homogenates. 



Hultin, 1950a. Paracentrotus lividus, same. 



Hultin, 1950 b. Paracentrotus lividus, viscosity of egg homogenates. 



Lepeschkin, 1941. A. lixula etc. s.p.r. etc. 



Monroy-Oddo, 1946. A. lixula, change of Ca content after fertilization. 



Orstrom and Orstrom, 1942. P. lividus, Ca content of eggs. 



Robertson and Webb, 1939; Robertson, 1941. Amount in sea water and body fluids. 



Rothschild and Barnes, 1953. P. lividus, amount in egg; table of salts and species. 



Rulon, 1941a. Dendraster excentricus, development in Ca-free sea water. 



Runnstrom, 1925. P. lividus, Ps. micr., Ps. miliaris, calcium-lack. 



Runnstrom and Kriszat, 1950a. Ps. miliaris, centrifuging. 



Sugiyama, i938d. Pseudocentrotus depressus, S. pulcherrimus, fertilization membrane. 



Tyler, 1941a, p. 322. Parthenogenesis in general. 



Vasseur, 1949b. S. drobachiensis, E. esculentus, Ps. miliaris; oxygen uptake of sperm. 



CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM 



Total Carbohydrate. — Determined as glucose. Amount. About 50 mg. glucose per gm. 

 egg protein (Perlzweig and Barron, 1928). About 1 10 mg. glucose per gm. egg pro- 

 tein or 7 % of dry weight of egg, 65 % being protein ; mostly in egg, little in jelly, 

 (Hutchens, Keltch, Krahl, and Clowes, 1942). 



Glycogen. — Identified in eggs by Blanchard in 1927 as noted by Perlzweig and 

 Barron (1928), published by Blanchard in 1935. Amount: 40-57 mg. glycogen per 

 gm. egg protein in unfertilized eggs or 46 % of total carbohydrate (Hutchens et al. 



1942). 



Free Reducing Sugar. — Absent (Perlzweig and Barron, 1928; Hutchens, et al., 1942). 



Pyruvate. — Amount. 70 jjig. pyruvate per gm. dry weight of eggs (Goldinger and 

 Barron, 1946). Eggs utilize 64 fig. pyruvic acid per gm. dry weight per hour, unfer- 

 tilized; 7 times as much (445 [ig.), fertilized (Goldinger and Barron, 1946). 160 fig 

 pyruvate per gm. dry weight per hour, unfertilized; 310 fig. fertilized, in cytolysates 

 (Krahl, Jandorf, and Clowes, 1942). 



Lactic Acid. — Amount. 3.i4mg. lactic acid per gm. protein in unfertilized eggs, 

 increase to 5.68 mg. with KCN; slight increase 1-2 hours after fertilization, from 2.71 

 to 3.23 mg. (Perlzweig and Barron, 1928). Lactic acid negligible during first 24 hours 

 of development (Hutchens, et al., 1942). 



Phosphorylation.— 0{ carbohydrate intermediates (Keltch, et al., 1950, 1951 ; Stritt- 

 matter, et al., 1950; Clowes, et al., 1950, 1951a, b; Clowes, 1951). 



lodoacetate. — Affects carbohydrate metabolism (Runnstrom, 1935 c). 



Other Species (additional) and General References 



Barron, 1952 b. General. 



Cleland and Rothschild ; 1 952 a, b. Echinus esculentus, glycolysis. 



