158 ALPHABETICAL COMPILATION 



Ephrussi, 1933. Paracentrotus lividus, amount of carbohydrate. 



Immers, 1952. Echinus esculentus, Echinocardium, etc., sugars. 



Krahl, 1950. Review. 



Lindberg and Ernster, 1948. Strongylocentrotus drobachiensis, phosphorylation. 



Monne and Slautterback, 1950. Staining of P. lividus. 



Orstrom and Lindberg, 1940. P. lividus, glycogen, etc., before and after fertilization. 



Rothschild and Mann, 1950. Echinus esculentus, sperm. 



Runnstrom, 1949b. General. 



Spikes, 1949. S. purpuratus, Lytechinus pictus, sperm. 



Stott, 1 93 1. Echinus esculentus. 



Zielinski, 1939. P. lividus. 



CHROMATOPHORES (PIGMENT GRANULES) 



See also Echinochrome 



Chromatophores. — Spherical vacuoles containing echinochrome (Chambers, 1935 a, 

 1938a; D. L. Harris, 1943; et al.). See E. B. Wilson (1899, p. 7 and p. 26, Plate I, 

 Fig. 2; 1926, p. 113), who described them as alveoli and showed them as hollow 

 spheres. 



Occurrence.— \n eggs, unfertilized and fertilized, plutei and in red Amoebocytes, 



q-v. 



Location. — In unfertilized eggs, they are distributed throughout the cytoplasm 

 (Lyon, 1907; E. N. Harvey, 1909, 1910b; McClendon, 1910b, 1912a; R. S. Lillie, 

 1911b; et al.). But they are not evenly distributed (Heilbrunn, 1926a; E. B. H. 

 unpub.). 



On fertilization or parthenogenesis, they migrate to periphery of egg (McClendon, 

 1909b, 1910b, 1912a; E. N. Harvey, 1909, 1910b; Heilbrunn, 1928, p. 264; 

 K. Dan, 1951 a; et at.). See E. B. Wilson (1926, Fig. 2a, b). 



In fertilized eggs, they are located especially at periphery and in cleavage furrow 

 (Loeb, 1895, p. 274, 1905, p. 401; G. F. Andrews, 1897b, p. 85; Mathews, 1906b; 

 McClendon, 1910b, 1912a; Cannan, 1927; et al.). Return to uniform distribution 

 after each cleavage (K. Dan, 1951a, b). After 8-cell stage, they move away from 

 the micromere pole, and the micromeres are therefore colorless (Morgan, 1893; 

 Lyon, 1907; E. N. Harvey, 1909; McClendon, 1910b; et al.). Location in monaster 

 eggs (Painter, 1918). 



In plutei, 20 to 30 chromatophores, each about 2 jj, in diameter, are grouped 

 together to form pigment spots, distributed irregularly over the body. These may 

 be spherical or irregular in shape, and vary in size; the average spherical ones are 

 about 7 jU in diameter. They swell and break in distilled water (E. B. H. unpub.). 



Size. — Chromatophores are all sizes up to 1.7 yu (E. B. H. unpub.). See also Harris 

 (1943) who says i io 2 fj.. 



Weight. — Heaviest bodies in the egg; go to centrifugal pole on centrifuging (Lyon, 

 1906a, 1907; McClendon, 1909a; E. B. Harvey, 1932, 1936, etc.; et al.). 



Specific Gravity. — Approximately 1.1035; of whole egg is approximately 1.0485 

 (Heilbrunn, 1926 a). 



Amount in Egg. — 5.5% (E. N. Harvey, 1932a); 10% (Costello, 1939). 



Origin. — Pigment begins to form in immature egg when about 33 /n in diameter; 

 younger oocytes are colorless (E. B. H. unpub.). 



Stain. — With vital dyes. Methylene blue, neutral red (McClendon, 1909b, 1912a; 

 E. N. Harvey, 1910c; Lucke, 1925; E. B. Harvey, 1941c; et al.). Bismark brown, 

 brilliant cresyl blue, chrysoidin, methyl violet, Nile blue, rhodamine, saffranin o, 

 toluidin blue (E. B. Harvey, 1941c). They stain black with methylene green and 

 also with quinine, cinchonine and cinchonidine, with no effect on development 

 (E. B. H. unpub.). E. B. Wilson (1926) states that they stain intensely with Janus 



