OF EXPERIMENTAL WORK 1 59 



Green B, but I have not succeeded in staining them with any of many samples of 

 Janus green and Janus green B. Table 8. 



With histological stains. Not stained with most protoplasmic stains (Lyon 1907; 

 E. B. Wilson, 1926) ; not stained with iron haematoxylin, but are stained with orange 

 G (E. B. Harvey, 1940 c) ; stained with Delafield's haematoxylin (McClendon, 1909 b, 

 1912a). Appearance in electron microscope preparations (McCulloch, 1952a). 



Ultraviolet Light. — Somewhat absorbing (E. B. Harvey and Lavin, 1944). 



Release of Pigment from Chromatophores in Unfertilized Eggs. — On standing (F. R. 

 Lillie, 1912; Glaser, 1914b, c, 1921a, 1924; Heilbrunn, 1928, p. 246; et al.). But 

 Shapiro (1946) thinks not. Rupture or puncture of vitelline membrane (E. N. 

 Harvey, 1910b; Heilbrunn, 1928, p. 70; Chambers, 1938a; Churney, 1941a; D. L. 

 Harris, 1943; et al.). Puncture of chromatophore membrane (Chambers, 1935a, 

 1938a; D. L. Harris, 1943). Electrical, mechanical, or chemical stimulation (McClen- 

 don, 1910a, b, 1912a; Heilbrunn, 1928, p. 244; Chambers, 1938a). Heat (E. N. 

 Harvey, 1910b; Chambers, 1938a). 



Hypotonic sea water or distilled water (E. N. Harvey, 1910b; and many others). 

 Process described by D. L. Harris (1943). Hypertonic sea water (E. N. Harvey, 

 1910b; Glaser, 1914b). Parthenogenetic agents (McClendon, 1909b; R. S. Lillie, 

 19 10, 191 1 a, b; E. N. Harvey, 1910b). Calcium, and to a much less extent magne- 

 sium and strontium (Heilbrunn, 1926a, 1928, p. 223, 1930, 1934, etc. in surface 

 precipitation reaction; D. L. Harris, 1943; Gross, 1951, 1953). Acids (E. N. Harvey, 

 1910b; Barth, 1929). lodosobenzoic acid (Monroy and Runnstrom, 1950, 1952). 

 Alkalis (D. L. Harris, 1943). Soaps (Heilbrunn, 1928, p. 242; Page, Shonle, and 

 Clowes, 1933; Gross, 195 1). Fat solvents (Heilbrunn, 1828, p. 242). Urea, acetamide, 

 sucrose, ethylene glycol (D. L. Harris, 1943); but see Churney (1938) for urea. 

 Anaerobiosis (Shapiro, 1946). 



Pigment Not Released in absence of calcium; chromatophores remain intact 

 (Heilbrunn, 1926a, 1928, p. 224, etc.); D. L. Harris (1943) uses 0.35 M sodium 

 citrate to keep chromatophores intact. In homogenates, chromatophores remain 

 intact in absence of calcium (Gross, 195 1). 



Release of Pigment on Fertilization or Parthenogenesis. — (McClendon, 1909b, 1910b, 

 1912a; McClendon and Mitchell, 191 2; E. N. Harvey, 1909, 1910b, c; R. S. 

 Lillie, 1910, 1911a, b, 1914b; Lyon and Shackell, 1910b; Glaser, 1914b, c, 1923, 

 1924; Just, 1922, I; Shapiro, 1946; etal). 



Release of Pigment from Chromatophores in Fertilized Eggs. — On standing. More released 

 from fertilized than from unfertilized eggs (Loeb, 1910; Lyon and Shackell, 1910b; 

 Glaser, 1914b, c, 1923; Shapiro, 1946; et al.). Pressure (Churney 1941a). Mer- 

 curic chloride, with clumping of pigment (Hoadley, 1930). Potassium chloride, 

 oxalate and citrate, ammonium chloride, urea; but no effect on unfertilized eggs 

 (Churney, 1938; Churney and Moser, 1940). During cleavage (R. S. Lillie, 1914b; 

 see Churney, 1940). 



Effect on Fertilization Membrane. — Coagulating (Monroy and Runnstrom, 1950, 

 1952; Runnstrom, 1950-1951, p. 143; 1952b, p. 67). 



Osmotic Properties. — Permeability constant: 0.38 cubic micra of water enter the 

 vacuole per square micron of surface area per minute per atmosphere difference in 

 osmotic pressure; higher than for the cell (D. L. Harris, 1943). Pigment vacuoles 

 therefore do not constitute part of osmotic dead space postulated by Luck^, Hartline, 

 and McCutcheon (1931). 



Coalescence of Chromatophores. — With chloroform (E. N. Harvey, 1910c). In pre- 

 sence of calcium, magnesium or strontium ions (D. L. Harris, 1943). 



Movement. — Of individual chromatophores in unfertilized eggs. Observed by 

 McClendon (1910b). With T. V. microscopy; translatory motion of 5 /f per second 

 at 24° C. (Parpart, 1953). Under hydrostatic pressure (D. E. S. Brown, 1934; Mars- 

 land, 1950). Through cleavage (Dan, 1951a, b). 



