l68 ALPHABETICAL COMPILATION 



of "microsomes" in the legend. They were described in stained sections of the 

 Lytechinus (formerly Toxopneustes) egg by Hendee (193 1), a student of Tennent's, and 

 are beautifully shown in the color of the stain used. Their disappearance upon ferti- 

 lization is shown in her pictures of unfertilized and fertilized eggs. Apparently these 

 same granules were described as "Janus green" granules in S. pulcherrimus by Moto- 

 mura (1936). 



More recently and apparently without knowledge of previous literature, the cor- 

 tical granules have been re-discovered and carefully studied in Arbacia byMoser 

 (1939 a, b, 1940), especially with regard to fertilization and parthenogenesis and 

 to the relation of the granules to the fertilization membrane. Similar studies have 

 been carried on by the Swedish school (SeeRunnstrom, Monn^, and Wicklund, 1946; 

 Runnstrom, 1948c; etc.). It seems now to be generally agreed that the fertilization 

 membrane is formed by a combination of the cortical granule material with the 

 vitelline membrane. 



Before maturation, the cortical granules are located inside the egg, not at the 

 periphery (McCulloch, 1952 b). This has been found to be the case also in Psamme- 

 chinus miliaris and Brissopsis lyrifera (Runnstrom and Monne, 1945 a; Monne and 

 Harde, 1951), and in the Japanese species Slrongylocentrotus pulcherrimus (Motomura, 

 1936, 1941b). 



For the structure of the cortical granules in Arbacia punctulata as shown by the elec- 

 tron microscope see McCulloch (1952 a, b) ; Lansing, Hillier, and Rosenthal (1952). 

 The cortical granules of Arbacia punctulata stain with Janus green (Motomura, per- 

 sonal communication 1954). 



Pigment Granules. — (Chromatophores) which have migrated to the periphery on 

 fertilization are located in the cortex (Brown, 1 934 and see under Chromatophores, 

 location). 



Cytolysis. — Of cortical layer believed by Loeb to cause activation and membrane 

 formation (Losb, 1913a, Chap. 17, etc.). 



Movement. — Of cortical layer in fertilized eggs (Dan, 1951a, b.). 



Effect of Methylated Xanthine. — On cortical granules (Cheney, 195 1). 



Ribonucleic Acid. — Present in cortex (Lansing and Rosenthal, 1949). 



Other Species and General References 



Endo, 1952. Japanese sea urchins, cortical granules. 



Just, 1939 b. Biology of the Cell Surface. 



Mitchison and Swann, 1952. Psammechinus miliaris, Paracentrotus lividus, birefringence and 

 light scattering. 



Monne, 1948. General. Other references to Monne and co-workers given here. 



Monroy, 1947. Ps. microtuberculalus, birefringence. Other references to Monroy and co- 

 workers given here. 



Monroy and Montalenti, 1947. Ps. miliaris, birefringence. 



Moore, A. R., 1949a, b, 1951b. Slrongylocentrotus purpuratus, pro-membranes in cortex; and 

 general. 



Rothschild and Swann, 1949. Ps. miliaris, cortical layer on fertilization. 



Runnstrom, 1948 a, c. Ps. miliaris, membranes and cortical granules. 



Runnstrom, 1949a, b; 1952a. General. Other references to Runnstrom and co-workers 

 given here. 



Runnstrom, Monne, and Broman, 1944. Ps. miliaris etc. birefringence. 



Runnstrom, Monne, and Wicklund, 1946. Ps. miliaris, Echinocardium cordatum, S. drobachiensis, 

 membranes and cortical granules. 



