lyO ALPHABETICAL COMPILATION 



arrested cleavage and reduced oxygen consumption to about 50 % at 20 °C. ; Clowes 

 and Krahl (1940): 1.6 x lO"* M KCN arrested cleavage and reduced respiration 

 to 34% of control. Of Robbie (1946b) : 1.5 x lo^* M HCN arrested cleavage and 

 reduced respiration to 35 % of control. See Krahl (1950, p. 192 and his Table V). 



Effect of Cyanides together with other substances affecting respiration : Methyl- 

 ene blue and KCN (Barron, 1929; Runnstrom, 1935 a; M. M. Brobks, 1943). 

 Toluidin blue and KCN (Barron and Hamburger, 1932). Pyocyanine and HCN or 

 KCN Barron and Hamburger, 1932; (Runnstrom, 1935a; Korr, 1937, with tem- 

 perature effects). Cytochrome oxidase and NaCN or KCN (Krahl, Keltch, Neu- 

 beck, and Clowes, 1941 ; Ball, 1942). Phenols and KCN (Clowes and Krahl, 1934a, b, 

 1935, 1936b; Krahl and Clowes, 1940; Clowes, 195 1). 



Respiration of unfertilized eggs. Not much affected by cyanide (Runnstrom, 

 1935a; Korr, 1937; Ball, 1942; M. M. Brooks, 1943, 1946b). Reduced to 50% of 

 control for unfertilized eggs with 1.3 x io~^ M KCN, 25 % of control for fertilized 

 eggs (Clowes and Krahl, 1934 b). Residual oxygen consumption reduced to 43 % of 

 control for unfertilized eggs with lo"* M HCN, 18% of control for fertilized eggs 

 (Robbie, 1946 b). For pyocyanine and cyanide on unfertilized eggs, see Runnstrom, 

 1935a); Korr (1937). 



Respiration and Cleavage of half-eggs. Unfertilized white halves little affected ; in 

 fertilized white halves, O2 uptake decreased and cleavage inhibited; in unfertilized 

 and fertilized red halves, Og consumption decreased (Shapiro, 1940). 



Permeability. — Increase (McClendon, 1909b). KCN decreases, HCN increases 

 permeability (Blumenthal, 1927, 1928). M/800 to M/iooo has no effect on increased 

 permeability following fertilization, though cleavage is inhibited; high concentra- 

 tions, M/200, prevent the increased pc r.neability following fertilization (R. S. Lillie, 

 1918a, b; Luck^ and McCutcheon, 1932). 



Viscosity. — Increase (Heilbrunn, 1920 a, b). 



Parthenogenesis. — Caused by KCN (McClendon, 1909b, 1910b; M. M. Brooks, 

 1946a, fertilization membrane, no cleavage). KCN aids parthenogenesis started 

 with isotonic salt solutions (R. S. Lillie, 1911b). KCN does not prevent partheno- 

 genesis caused by salts (R. S. Lillie, 1914a; Heilbrunn, 1915a). NaCN does not 

 prevent parthenogenesis caused by ultraviolet light (Loeb, 1914a). 



Reversal of Parthenogenesis. — After parthenogenetic treatment, NaCN causes eggs 

 to return to resting stage according to Loeb (1913 a, p. 234, 1913c, 1914b, 1915a, b 

 igi6, p. 190, etc.) with decrease in oxidations (Wasteneys, 1916). These eggs can 

 be fertilized, with increase of oxidations. These results 'have been questioned by 

 F. R. Lillie and Just (1924, p. 505) and others. See Parthenogenesis, and p. 108. 



Effect on Sperm. — KCN inactivates and prolongs life of sperm (Cohn, 19 18). 

 I X io~* M HCN inhibits completely sperm respiration (Barron, Nelson, and Ardao 

 1948). See Respiration B II 4. 



Other Species 



Drzewina and Bohn, 191 2. Paracentrotus lividus, sperm. 



Lindahl, i^/ii\. Paracentrotus lividus. 



Loeb, 1907. Strongylocentrotus purpuratus. 



Loeb and Wasteneys, 1913 b. S. purpuratus. 



Orstrom, 1932 a, b. P. lividus. 



Pease, 1941. Dendraster excentricus. 



Robbie, 1948, ig^g. Echinarachnius parma, Tripruustes esculentus. 



Runnstrom, 1928 b, 1930. Arbacia lixula, P. lividus. 



