OF EXPERIMENTAL WORK I7I 



CYTOCHROME AND CYTOCHROME OXIDASE 



Cytochromes a, b, c. — Occur in sperm, not detectable in eggs, of Arbacia (Ball and 

 Meyerhoff, 1940; Ball, 1942; Clowes and Krahl, 1940; Krahl, Keltch, Neubeck, 

 and Clowes, 1941). Cytochromes a and bj found spectroscopically in unfertilized 

 eggs o{ Ps. miliaris (Rothschild, 1949). No cytochrome c yet detected (Borei, 1951, 

 in Echinus esculentus egg) . 



Cytochrome Oxidase. — (Indophenol oxidase, probably "Atmungsferment" of War- 

 burg). Occurs in sperm and eggs (Ball and Meyerhoff, 1940, eggs doubtful;. Ball, 

 1942; Krahl, Keltch, Neubeck, and Clowes, 1941). In unfertilized and fertilized 

 eggs in about same amount (Krahl et al., 1941). Indophenol oxidase activity as 

 determined by Nadi reaction (Navez and E. B. Harvey, 1935): 



Whole eggs unfertilized i.o Whole eggs fertilized 1.4 



White halves unfertilized 2.4 Whole eggs stretched by 



Red halves unfertilized 4.8 centrifugal force 3.2 



Part of oxidase activity may be due to oil (Navez, 1938). In disintegrated eggs, 

 more cytochrome oxidase associated with matrix than with mitochondria, yolk or 

 pigment granules (Hutchens, Kopac, and Krahl, 1942). For temperature effects see 

 Korr X'937)- Inhibited by cyanide, carbon monoxide in the dark (reversal with 

 light), sodium azide, sodium sulfide, 0.6 M NaCl (Krahl, Keltch, Neubeck, and 

 Clowes, 1941 ; Ball, 1942). 



Other Species (additional) and General References 



Brachet, 1950. Chemical Embryology (scattered references. 



Deutsch and Gustafson, 1952. Ps. miliaris, in development. 



Krahl, 1950. Review, p. 182. 



Rothschild, 1948a. Echinus esculenius, sperm. 



Rothschild, 1949. Ps. miliaris, light and carbon monoxide on eggs. 



Rothschild, 1951b. General. 



Symposium on Respiratory Enzymes, 1942, Univ. Wisconsin. 



CYTOLYSIS 



Term first used for marine eggs ( Strongylocentrotus purpuratus ) by Loeb (1904), ac- 

 cording to Heilbrunn (1928, p. 239). 



Caused by — i. Ageing of eggs. (Goldforb, 1918a, b; Goldforb and Schechter, 1932; 

 Schechter, 1936; Page, 1929 a). 



2. Calcium chloride (isotonic) for a long time. (Heilbrunn, 1928, p. 147). 



3. Carcinogenic substances, dibenzanthrene. (Luck^, Parpart, and Ricca, 1941). 



4. Electric current. (Lillie and Cattell, 1925; Heilbrunn, 1928, p. 244). 



5. Fat solvents. Soaps, saponin, chloroform, alcohol, bile salts etc. (E. N. Harvey, 

 1910c; Page and Clowes, 1922; Page, 1929a; Page, Shonle, and Clowes, 1933; 

 Heilbrunn, 1928, p. 242; et al.). 



6. Heat. (Heilbrunn, 1928, p. 249; Dan, 1936). \^'\th S. purpuratus eg^,s (von Knaffl- 

 Lenz, 1908; A. R. Moore, 1910, 19 17). 



7. Hypertonic sea water. (Loeb, 1913a, p. 89 for S. purpuratus). 



8. Hypotonic sea water, distilled or tap water. 25 cc. sea water + 75 cc. distilled 

 water for 2 to 3 minutes (Glaser, 191 3); 40 volumes sea water to 60 volumes 

 tap water for \ hour (R. S. Lillie, 1916b) ; distilled water 3-^ minutes (Schech- 

 ter, 1936) ; also Page and Clowes (1922) ; Heilbrunn (1928, p. 242) ; Just(i928a) ; 

 et al. On fertilized eggs (R. S. Lillie, 1916b; Page, 1929a). 



9. Shaking. (Tang and Gerard, 1932). 



10. Sodium chloride. (E. N. Harvey, 1910c; Loeb and Wasteneys, 19 10; Loeb, 

 1913, p. 180; Heilbrunn, 1928, p. 251; Mazia, 1933; Dan, 1936; et al.). 



