172 ALPHABETICAL COMPILATION 



1 1. Ultrasonic waves. (E. N. Harvey, E. B. Harvey, and Loomis, 1928; E. N. Harvey, 

 1930; E. N. Harvey and Loomis, 193 1). 



12. Ultraviolet light. (Lillie and Baskervill, 1922; Hinrichs, 1927; Heilbrunn and 

 Young, 1930; E. B. Harvey and Hollaender, 1938). 



13. Visible light and rhodamine B. (L. B. Clark, 1940). 



Prevention. — By CaClj and MgClj (R. S. Lillie, 1911a, 1912; Page, 1924). De- 

 creased by pretreatment with excess Ca and increased with diminished Ca (Schech- 

 ter, 1936). Decreased by KCN, chloral hydrate, chloretone, and other anaesthetics 

 (R. S. Lillie, 191 2; Loeb, 191 3, p. 91 for S. purpuratus) . 



Increase of Free Ca. — In egg on cytolysis (Heilbrunn, Mazia, and Steinbach, 1934). 



Acid Formation. — (Runnstrom, i935d). 



pH. — Of cytolysed eggs (acid of injury), 5.3 ± 0.2; normal eggs, 6.8 ± 0.2 (Pandit 

 and Chambers, 1932). 



Methylene blue, etc. — Reduced by cytolysed eggs more rapidly (Ballentine, 1938). 



Respiration. — Increased (Loeb, 1913a, p. 14; Tang, 1931a; Whitaker, 1933a, 

 p. 487, footnote; Tyler, Ricci and Horowitz, 1938, but they think it may be due to 

 bacteria present). See Heilbrunn (1915b). 



Permeability. — Increased (E. N. Harvey, 1910 c; A. R. Moore, 191 7 for S. purpu- 

 ratus) . 



Viscosity. — Increased (Heilbrunn, 1928, p. 245). But said to be decreased in 

 S. purpuratus (von Knaffl-Lenz, 1908; Loeb, 1913 a, p. 188; A. R. Moore, 191 7). 



Membrane Formation. — Caused by all cytolytic agents (Loeb, 1913a, p. 8, etc.). 

 Parthenogenetic agents cause incipient cytolysis (Heilbrunn, 1943, p. 661). 



Fertilized Eggs. — As compared with unfertilized eggs. Sometimes cytolyse more 

 readily, sometimes less readily according to the agent, time after fertilization (R. S. 

 Lillie, 1916b; Page, 1929a) and the species (compare last references with Loeb, 

 1913a, p. 92 and Page and Clowes, 1922). 



Dark (or Black) and Pale (or White) Cytolysis. — (Loeb, 1913 a, p. 89-91 and Chapt. 

 17 for S. purpuratus ; Goldforb, 1918b). Dark cytolysis in Arbacia with certain soaps 

 (Page, Shonle, and Clowes, 1933); pale cytolysis (Heilbrunn, 1928, p. 232, 239). 

 White and black cytolysis in Echinus esculentus (Rothschild, 1938). 



Nature of Cytolysis. — (Loeb, 1913 a, Chapt. 17; A. R. Moore, 191 7; Heilbrunn, 

 1928, p. 238-254 and 1943, p. 661). 



Autolysis. — (Lyon and Shackell, 1910a). 



Other Species 



There are many other references to cytolysis in Arbacia and other species scattered through 

 the literature. Mention is here made only of Hobson (1932) for Psammechinus miliaris and 

 Lord Rothschild ( 1 938) concerning the changes in the egg surface in Echinus esculentus during 

 cytolysis. 



DENSITY - SPECIFIC GRAVITY 



Unfertilized Egg. — Density i. 081 -1.087 (Lyon, 1907). 1.0485 to 1.0656 (Heilbrunn, 

 1926a, 1928, p. 71). With jelly 1.090 (E. N. Harvey, 1931c, 1932a). Without jelly 

 1.084 (E- N. Harvey, as above). Density of unfertilized egg is approximately same 

 as 3 parts isosmotic (0.85 M) cane sugar solution plus one part sea water (E. N. 

 Harvey, 1931 c). 



Granules. — In unfertilized egg 1.14 (Heilbrunn, 1926a, 1928, p. 72). 



Clear Protoplasm. — (Matrix) of unfertilized egg 1.04 (Heilbrunn, as above). 



White Half-Egg. — Separated by centrifugal force 1.076 (E. N. Harvey, 1931c, 

 1932 a). 



Red Half- Egg. — Separated by centrifugal force > i.ioo (E. N. Harvey, as above). 



