176 ALPHABETICAL COMPILATION 



Centrifuged eggs and fractions without jelly (Dan, 1936, IV) 



Whole eggs — 30.8 ± 0.54 millivolts 



Light halves — 20.9 i 0-69 millivolts 



Heavy halves — 27.6 i 0.35 millivolts 

 Effect of dilution and medium on Zeta potential (Dan, 1936, III). 

 C. Miscellaneous. 



Membrane resistance, unfertilized and fertilized eggs (calculated) > 25 



ohm/cm^ (Cole and Curtis, 1938); "1,000 a reasonable value" (Cole, 



1940); > 100 ohm/cm^ (Cole 1941). 

 Electrical properties of cell membrane (McClendon, 1910b; R. S. Lillie, 



1911b, 1916b). 

 Granules have + charge, surface layer — charge (Heilbrunn, 1923, 1926b, 



1928, p. 183). 

 Electrical changes on stimulation and cleavage (R. S. Lillie, 1903, 1909, 



1916b). 

 Increase (about one fourth) of electric conductivity of eggs on fertilization or 



parthenogenesis (McClendon, 1910a, c, 1912b). 



II. Electrical properties of sperm. Negatively charged. Cataphoretic velocity 

 1.75 jx/sec. per volt/cm. Surface p.d. 22.0 millivolts (Mudd, Mudd, and Keltch, 

 1929)- 

 III. Electrical effects on 



A. Unfertilized eggs. 



Move to anode (Moser 1939b). See above under B. Surface charge (Dan). 

 Disintegrate, at anode first; unfertilized before fertilized (McClendon, 1910a, 



b, c; Moser, 1939 b). 

 Parthenogenesis caused by induction shocks (McClendon, 1909b, 1910b). 

 Parthenogenesis and development not caused by direct current (R. S. Lillie 



and Cattell, 1925). 

 Cortical response and membrane elevation caused by direct current, at side 



toward anode first (Moser, 1937, 1939 b). 

 Permeability increased (McClendon, igioa, b, c, 1914b). 

 Viscosity; transitory decrease, then increase (Angerer, 1939). 



B. Fertilized eggs. 



No relation between electrical conductivity of medium and cleavage until con- 

 centration reduced to 20 %, then cleavage slower (R. S. Lillie and Cattell, 



1923); 

 Eccentricity of egg in fertilization membrane, nearer the membrane at anode 

 (McClendon, igiob, 1914a; Dan, 1933). 



C. Nucleus. 



Goes to anode (McClendon, 1910b). 



D. Chromatophores. 



Lose pigment (McClendon, 1910a, b.) 



Other Species 



Cole, 1935. Tripneustes esculentus. 



Cole, 1941. Tabulation in Tabulae Biologicae. 



Dan, 1934, Echinarachnius, surface charge. Biol. Bull. 66 : 247-256. 



Gray, 1916. Arbacia lixula, Psammechinus miliaris etc. 



lida, 1943a, b, c. Pseudocentrotus depressus, Slrongylocentrotus pulcherrimus, capacitance. 



McClendon, 1910b. Lytechinus variegalus, Tripneustes esculentus. 



Rothschild, 1938. Echinus esculentus, biophysics of cell surface. 



Rothschild and Swann, 1949. Psammechinus miliaris, action potential. 



Vies, 1 93 1 . Paracentrotus lividus, lysis. 



