l82 ALPHABETICAL COMPILATION 



FERTILIZIN AND AGGLUTININ 



This subject with its vast Hterature will not be covered in this Monograph. Excellent 

 reviews have recently been published to which the reader is referred. 



Bielig, H.J. and F. Medem, 1949. Experientia 5 : 11-30. 



Rothschild, Lord, 1951a. Biol. Rev. 26 : 1-27. 



Runnstrom, J. 1949a. Adv. in Enzymol. 9 : 241-327. 



Tyler, A. 1948. Physiol. Rev. 28 : 180-219; 19490. Am. Nat. 83 : 195-219. 



Reviews of the earlier work which the reader may consult are: 



Just, E. E. 1930. Protoplasma 10 : 300-342. 



Lillie, F. R. 191 9. Problems of Fertilization. 



Lillie, F. R. and E. E. Just, 1924. Fertilization, in Cowdry's General Cytology, section 



vin. 



HEAT PRODUCTION 



Eggs. — Unfertilized, 0.08 calories per hour per million eggs; fertilized, (2-8 cell), 

 0.52 calories. At instant of fertilization, rate of heat production is 10-12 times that 

 of unfertilized eggs, then decreases for 20 minutes, then constant until first cleavage, 

 then drops and remains constant to 8-cell stage (Rogers and Cole, 1925). 



Spertn. — "The heat production of Arbacia sperm is similar to that of an exothermic 

 chemical reaction of the first order" (Rogers and Cole, 1925, p. 352). 



Other Species 



Meyerhoff, 191 1. Paracentrotus lividus, eggs and sperm. 

 Shapiro, i948d. Compilation in Tabulae Biologicae. 

 Shearer, 1922 b. Psammechinus miliaris, eggs. 

 Trurnit, 1939. Ps. miliaris, change during cleavage. 



HYALINE LAYER 



Hyaloplasmic Layer, Ectoplasmic Layer 



Definition. — Hyaline layer is an investing layer of the egg formed after fertilization or 

 parthenogenetic treatment; binds blastomeres together. 



Historical. — Though previously observed by O. Hertwig (1876), Fol (1877, 1879) 

 and Selenka (1878) ; it was first described by Hammar in 1896 as an "ectoplasma- 

 tische Schicht" in Echinus miliaris; "a clear, colorless homogeneous layer." This was 

 confirmed by E. A. Andrews in 1897. It was described for Arbacia by G. F. Andrews 

 earlier in the same year. Its importance as a "Verbindungsmembran" was shown by 

 Herbst in 1900 in Echinus microtuberculatus . 



Thickness. — Very thin, less than 0.5 (x when first formed, becomes gradually 

 thicker until after 20 minutes it is two to three \l thick (E. B. Harvey, 1934). Its 

 thickness varies in different species. It is thicker in Arbacia lixula than in A. punctulata, 

 and is here measureable immediately after fertilization; it can be shown by measuring 

 that it is added to the surface (E. B. Harvey, 1933 a, 1934). It is very thin in the 

 starfish egg, there being no appreciable hyaline layer (Chambers 192 1 a, 1930, 1940, 

 etc.). It is intermediate in strength between A. punctulata and Asterias in the sand 

 dollar egg ( Echinarachnius parma) (Chambers, 1940). It is very thin in Echinarachnius 

 parma (E. B. H. unpub.) and in Dendraster excentricus (Moore, 1928a). 



It is thin on the centripetal pole of the centrifuged egg, on the white halves and 

 clear quarters; thick over the centrifugal pole and in the red halves, yolk and pig- 

 ment quarters (E. B. Harvey, 1932, 1940c, 1946a). It is thickened and wrinkled 



