l86 ALPHABETICAL COMPILATION 



Cytoplasm of Arbacia punctulata. — By injection of indicators pH of unfertilized and 

 fertilized egg 6.8 ± 0.2 (Pandit and Chambers, 1932). Wiercinski (1944) gives: pro- 

 toplasm pH 6.2 lb 0.2, hyaline protoplasm (white half-eggs) 5.8 to 6.8, granular 

 material 5.4, nucleus above 7.0. 



Change of Intracellular pH. — In salts of weak acids and weak bases (Jacobs, 1940). 

 See Smith and Clowes, 1924; Haywood and Root, 1930, 1932 for COg. For Echina- 

 rachnius parma eggs with COj and NH3, see Chambers, 1928. 



Other eggs. — Paracentrotus lividus and Echinocardium cordatum, pH of interior, unfer- 

 tilized and fertilized eggs to 16 cell stage is 6.6 (Needham and Needham, 1926 a). 

 But according to Vies (1924), Vies and Vellinger (1928) et al., the pH of the eggs 

 oi Paracentrotus lividus and Arbacia aequituberculata (lixula) is about 5.5. Rapkine and 

 Wurmser (1926) found the pH of cytoplasm and nucleus of P. lividus oocytes the 

 same, around 7.0. For a discussion of the controversy see Reiss' Monograph (1926) 

 and Needham's Chemical Embryology, Vol. II, p. 839-855 (1931). 



Blastocoel. — pH of blastocoel of A. punctulata, in blastula, gastrula and pluteus is 

 same as sea water (Chambers and Pollack, 1927). But according to Rapkine and 

 Prenant (1925) the pH of blastocoel of P. lividus and Echinocardium cordatum is 7.0 to 

 7.3 in blastula and pluteus; 8.5 in early gastrula when spicules form. See Needham 

 (193 1, p. 846-849). 



Cytolysed eggs. — pH in A. punctulata is 5.3 ± 0.2 (Pandit and Chambers, 1932). 



Effect of pH of Surrounding Medium. — On hyaloplasm of egg, none unless injured 

 (Wiercinski, 1944). On fertilization, block to fertilization in medium of pH 6.8 and 

 below (Clowes and Smith, 1923, Smith and Clowes, i924d). On cleavage and 

 development, normal cleavage rate (if fertilized in sea water) at pH 8.2 to 5.8. Op- 

 timum for fertilization, cleavage and viability pH 6.0 (Clowes and Smith, 1923, 

 Smith and Clowes, 1924 b, c). Acceleration of cleavage rate or development if 

 medium is slightly alkaline (Loeb, 1898, but see 1913a, p. 35; also Glaser, 1914b; 

 pH 8.2 to 9.2 (Smith and Clowes, 1924c). Retardation of cleavage below pH 6.0 

 and above 9.4 (Smith and Clowes, 1924c, d). Effect of pH on pluteus (Child, 1916b, 

 Medes, 191 7). 



On polyspermy, maximum near pH 7.2, none at 7.4 to 9.8 (Clowes and Smith, 

 1923, Smith and Clowes, i924d). On respiration, diminished by low pH (Root, 

 1920; Anfinson, 1947). Increased by alkalinity (Wasteneys, 19 16). On permeability, 

 no swelling till injury at pH 4.0; none at 9.8 (Luck6 and McCutcheon, 1926b). 

 See Permeability. On viscosity (Barth, 1929; Howard, 1931)- On parthenogenesis, 

 slight if pH more than 9.0 (Smith and Clowes, 1924b). On cytolysis, greatest in 

 medium of pH 9.3 (Smith and Clowes, 1924b). On sperm, effects on (Cohn, 1918). 



Effects of Substituted Phenols. — In relation to pH (Clowes and Krahl, 1936a; Krahl 

 and Clowes, 1938; Hutchens, Krahl, and Clowes, 1939). 



Effects of Barbituric Acid Derivatives. — In relation to pH (Clowes, Keltch, and 

 Krahl, 1940; Krahl, 1950). 



Effect of Local Anaesthetic Bases. — In relation to pH (Krahl, Keltch, and Clowes, 



1940). 



Other Species (additional) and General References 



Ashbel, 1 93 1. A. lixula and P. lividus. 



Gray, 1931. Experimental Cytology, p. 85-87, general. 



Heilbrunn, 1943. An Outline of General Physiology, p. 47-55; 473-476; enzymes, p. 199. 



Hirabayashi, 1937. Toxopneustes pileolus, blastocoel. 



Lison, 1935. General; 1941, Tabulation. 



Moore, B., Roaf and Whitley, 1905. Echinus esculentus, rate of cleavage increases with slight 



alkalinity. 

 Needham, 1931. Chemical Embryology, vol. II, general. 

 Needham and Needham, 1926 b. Review. 

 Reiss, 1926. Review Monograph. 



