190 ALPHABETICAL COMPILATION 



Leitch, 1934b. Strongylocenlrotus purpuratus, S. franciscanus, analysis. 



Needham, 193 1. Chemical Embryology. General, vol. I : 310, 347; vol. II : 1244. 



Ohman, 1945. Ps. miliaris, Echinocardium cordalum, lipid layer, and analysis. 



Rothschild and Cleland, 1952. Echinus esculentus, sperm, analysis. 



Tennent, Gardiner, and Smith, 1931. Echinomelra lucunter, microchemistry, and analysis. 



Wetzel, 1907. Paracentrotus lividus, analysis. 



Occurrence. — Lithium is present in tissues of Paracentrotus lividus and Echinus esculentus 

 (Fox and Ramage, 1 931). Li enters eggs and embryos of Sphaerechinus granularis (Ranzi 

 and Falkenheim, 1937). 



LiCl Isotonic. — With sea water at Woods Hole is approximately 0.56 M (Page, 

 1929). 0.60 M (M. B. L. Chemical Room). 



Effect of Li on Eggs. — General effect is exogastrulation and increase of entoderm 

 (vegetalization) as first shown by Herbst (1892) for Echinus (Psammechinus) micro- 

 tuberculatus , Strongylocenlrotus (Paracentrotus ) lividus and Sphaerechinus granularis. Exo- 

 gastrulation in Arbacia punctulata obtained with N/80-N/100 LiCl (Mac Arthur, 

 1924); with 20 parts 0.54 M LiCl and 80 parts sea water for 4 hours (Costello, 

 1948). 



Toxicity. — Eggs will develop in 5 cc. of 2.6% LiCl + 100 cc. sea water for 20 

 hours ; more toxic for Echinarachnius parma ; effect can be counteracted by potassium 

 or pyocyanine (Runnstrom, 1935 b). But Moore, Bliss and Anderson (1945) found 

 this not true for 5. purpuratus and Dendraster excentricus, that pyocyanine effect is addi- 

 tive to Li effect. Toxic effect of Li is mitigated by K, Rb and Cs (Loeb, 1920). 



Hyaline Layer. — Is softened and dispersed (Runnstrom, 1935 b; Chambers, 1940). 



Pigment Granules. — LiCl prevents breakdown of pigment granules by Ca (surface 

 precipitation reaction) in order of NH4 > Na > K > Li (Heilbrunn, 1928, p. 230). 



Respiration. — No references found for Arbacia. Li reduces respiration in Paracen- 

 trotus lividus (Lindahl, 1936; Lindahl and Ohman, 1938) ; in S. purpuratus and Den- 

 draster excentricus (Moore, Bliss, and Anderson, 1945). 



Permeability. — Increase (Lucke and McCutcheon, 1929). 



Parthenogenesis. — Slight stimulation with LiCl (Loeb, 1900 a; Hollingsworth. 



1940- 



Replacement. — Lithium can be replaced by many substances in causing exogastru- 

 lation, e.g., NaCl, CuClj, NiClg, methylene blue and other dyes and substances. 

 For specific references see Child's Patterns and Problems of Development (1941, p. 222 

 footnote); and Child (1948). 



Other Species (additional) and General References 



Child, 1936a, 1940, 1941. S. franciscanus, S. purpuratus, Dendraster excentricus ; axial gradient. 



Herbst, 1892, 1893, 1896. Ps. microtuberculatus, P. lividus, Sphaerechinus granularis. 



Horstadius, 1936 a, b. P. lividus. 



Lindahl, 1942. Review. 



MacArthur, \^2^. S. franciscanus, Echinarachnius parma. 



Moore, A. R., 1930c; Moore, Bliss, and Anderson, 1945. S. purpuratus, Dendraster excentricus; 



lithium and pyocyanine on development and respiration. 

 Needham, 1942. Biochemistry and Morphogenesis, p. 485; general. 

 Rulon, 1946. Dendraster excentricus ; lithium and sodium thyocyanate. 

 Runnstrom, 1928 a. P. lividus. 

 von Ubisch, 1929. Echinocyamus pusillus. 

 Waterman, 1932. P. lividus. 



