192 ALPHABETICAL COMPILATION 



METABOLISM 



See Respiration 



MITOCHONDRIA 



Size. — Smallest granules that can be moved by centrifugal force, 0.6 to i.o [i (E. B. H. 

 per E. N. Harvey, 1932 a; E. B. Harvey, 1936). With electron microscope 0.3 to 

 0.5 [I, probably (McCulloch, 1952a). 



Density. — Lighter than yolk and pigment granules ; form a narrow band above the 

 yolk in centrifuged eggs (first described by E. N. Harvey, 1932a as the "fifth layer"; 

 E. B. Harvey, 1932, 1936, etc.; et al.). It is the last layer to form with centrifuging, 

 and the first layer to redistribute, disappearing five to ten minutes after centrifuging 

 (E. B. H.). 



Amount in Egg. — 4.8% (E. N. Harvey, 1932 a); 5% (Costello, 1939). 



Origin. — Normally mitochondria appear in the immature egg when it is about 

 33 (J. in diameter, at the same time as the pigment and oil; a few scattered granules 

 sometimes appear when a little smaller, 23 y.. In the immature egg of all sizes, the 

 mitochondrial granules are concentrated around the germinal vesicle, and are not 

 displaced by strong centrifugal force (10,000 x g) (E. B. H.). 



They appear de novo in the clear quarter egg in the pluteus. This quarter contains 

 no mitochondria after being separated off from the unfertilized egg by centrifugal 

 force, and there are none throughout cleavage nor in the blastulae, but they do 

 occur in the pluteus. This is true also of the pigment granules in the clear quarter. 

 There are no pigment granules until the pluteus is about 4 days old. (E. B. Harvey, 

 1946 a). 



Stain. — Best vital stain is methyl green, stains violet. Janus green stains them green 

 but is rather toxic (E. B. Harvey, 1932, 1941c). Other vital stains are: Bismark 

 brown, chrysoidin, gentian violet, methyl violet, neutral red, Nile blue, rhodamine, 

 saffranin O (later), thionin (few cases), toluidin blue (E. B. Harvey, 1941c). Also 

 crystal violet, dahlia B (E. B. H. unpub.). Fixed material. Mitochondria stain red 

 with Benda-Kuhl (E. B. Wilson, 1926). Slightly stained with iron haematoxylin 

 (E. B. Harvey, 1940c). Table 8. 



Other Species (additional) and General References 



In some other species, e.g., Sphaerechinus granularis, the mitochondria are the lightest 

 granules as in Arbacia punctulata and A. lixula (E. B. Harvey, 1933 a, 1938 a). In some species 

 they are the heaviest material in the egg, e.g., Psammechinus microtuberculatus (E. B. Harvey, 

 1933a, 1938a, and see colored picture of Lindahl, 1932, p. 330) and Ps. miliaris (Linder- 

 strom-Lang, 1938- 1939). In still other species, they are the heaviest granules, but lighter 

 than the clear material, e.g., Tripneustes esculentus (E. B. Harvey, 1933a, 1947). 

 Gustafson, 1952. General. 

 Gustafson and Lenicque, 1952. Ps. miliaris, distribution of mitochondria at different stages 



of development. 

 Harvey, E. B., 1933 a, 1938a. Naples species. 

 Harvey, E. B., 1947. Bermuda species. 

 Rimnstrom, 1952 b. General, in Barron's Modern Trends. 



NARCOTICS 



See Anaesthetics 



