OF EXPERIMENTAL WORK 20I 



normal eggs take 5-6 weeks; they died soon after. Delage (1909) raised two partheno- 

 genetic Paracentrotus ( Strongylocentrotus ) lividus through metamorphosis (60 days) to 

 the young adult of 18 months; they then measured 3.1 and 3.6 cm. overall, the tests 

 1.5 and 2.2 cm. One was a S with ripe sperm, the other immature, but probably ^J. 

 The ^ is digametic in sea urchins (Tennent, 1911b, 1912 a, b, c in Toxopneustes and 

 Hipponoe, and Baltzer, 1913, in P. lividus and Ps. microtuberculatus) . 



E. Physiology of parthenogenetic eggs. Same as fertilized eggs for increase of oxi- 

 dation rate (McClendon and Mitchell, 191 2; Keltch and Clowes, 1947; Warburg, 

 1910 for S. lividus); for increase of viscosity (Heilbrunn, 1915a, 1928, p. 261), for 

 increase of permeability (R. S. Lillie, 1916a) etc. 



F. Cytology of parthenogenetic eggs. Different from fertilized eggs on account of 

 absence oi S nucleus (Morgan, 1899, 1900b; E. B. Harvey ^nd Hollaender, 1937, 

 1938; Nebel, E. B. Harvey, and Hollaender, 1937). See careful study of Toxopneustes 

 (E. B, Wilson, 1901 a) ; also Hindle (19 10 for 5". purpuratus). Half number of somatic 

 chromosomes (16-18) in early cleavage (E. B. Harvey, 1940c); 18 in Toxopneustes 

 (E. B. Wilson, 1901a) and in S. purpuratus (Hindle, igio). 



G. Parthenogenetic merogones. Development (parthenogenetic) of non-nucleate 

 half and quarter eggs, broken by centrifugal force ; also of parthenogenetic nucleate 

 fractions (E. B. Harvey, 1936, 1940 b, c, 1946a, 1951 ; E. B. Harvey and Hollaender, 

 1937, 1938). See Part HI, Chapt. 21 e and Plate XI. 



Other Species and General Rerefences 



Bronn's Thier-Reich, 1904, pp. 1213-1223. Review and methods. 

 Dalcq, 1928. Les Bases Physiologiques de la Fkondation et de la Parthenogenise. 

 Delage, 1901. 1908. Paracentrotus lividus; methods and cytology. 

 E. B. Harvey, 1938a. Naples species, parthenogenetic merogones. 



E. N. Harvey, 1910a, b. Methods; aho Lytechinus variegatus. 

 Heilbrunn, 191 3, p. 349. Methods; 1915a. General. 



F. R. Lillie, 1919. Problems of Fertilization. 

 R. S. Lillie, 1941. Review. 



Loeb, 1913a. Artificial Parthenogenesis and Fertilization. 



Loeb, 1916. The Organism as a Whole, pp. 95-127. 



Lyon, 1903. Naples forms, including A. lixula. 



McClendon, 1910b, p. 245. Methods. 



Morgan, 1927. Experimental Embryology, pp. 537-593. 



Tabulae Biologicae, 1927, Bd. IV, p. 216. 



Tyler, 1941a. Review. 



Vandel, 1931. La Parthenogenese. 



E. B. Wilson, 1925. The Cell, pp. 467-487. 



PERIVISCERAL FLUID (cOELOMIC FLUID, BLOOD) 



See Amoebocytes, Leucocytes 



Historical. — Studied in other species by Quatrefages (1850); Williams (1852) who 

 called it "cyclaqueous fluid"; Geddes (1880); Gamgee (1880); MacMunn (1883, 

 1885); Cuenot (1891a, b). Referred to in Arbacia punctulata by Mathews (1900); 

 McClendon (1910b), etc. 



Contains. — Amoebocytes, Leucocytes (McClendon, 1912a; McClendon and Mit- 

 chell, 1912; Kindred, 1921, 1926; Donnellon, 1938; et al.). Also other kinds of cells 

 (H. V. Wilson, 1924). 



Inorganic Composition. — Identical with sea water in Echinus esculentus (J. D. Robert- 

 son, 1939; he thinks the small differences found by Bethe and Berger, 1931, due to 

 inaccurate methods). Identical with sea water in Strongylocentrotus drobachiensis and 



