202 alphabetic:al compilation 



Echinarachnius parma (W. H. Cole, 1940). For calcium in A. punctulata Schechter 

 (1937) gives, from analysis by Mazia, 0.395 nig./cc. of calcium in coelomic fluid 

 against 0.41 mg./cc. in sea water. 



Chemistry. — For A. punctulata, see Van der Hyde (1922). For Paracentrotus lividus 

 see Mourson and Schlagdenhauffen (1882). 



Toxicity to Eggs. — Perivisceral fluid harmful to eggs (Fol, 1879, p. 86). Plasma 

 (filtered) inhibits fertilization (F. R. Lillie, 1914, 1919, p. 173; Lillie and Just, 

 1924; Just, 1922a, III; A. E. Woodward, 1918). But others found it is not the serum 

 in the perivisceral fluid but material from the pigmented amoebocytes (echino- 

 chrome?) that prevents fertilization (Pequegnat, 1948; Couillard, 1952). Still others 

 found that the toxic substance is not the perivisceral fluid but a dermal secretion or 

 material from the outside of the shell (Ohshima, 1921 ; E. B. Harvey, 1939 b). The 

 toxic substance was found to have no effect on cleavage if eggs were exposed after 

 fertilization (Ohshima, 1921 ; Pequegnat, 1948; Couillard, 1952). Runnstrom (1950- 

 1951) says toxic effect can be removed by sodium periodate. 



Toxicity to Sperm. — Serum not harmful (F. R. Lillie, 19 12, 19 19, p. 174; Just, 

 1922a, HI; Lillie and Just, 1924, p. 495; Ohshima, 1921). 



Contains Agglutinin. — (F. R. Lillie, 1912, 1914; Couillard, 1952). 



Increases Viscosity of Eggs. — (Goldforb, 1935b). 



Clotting. — Caused by cells or cell extracts, not plasma (Heilbrunn, 1928, p. 228; 

 Donnellon, 1938). Caused by leucocytes (Kindred, 1921; H. V. Wilson, 1934). For 

 effect of various substances on clot formation (Donnellon, 1938). 



Other Species (additional) and General References 



Barnes and Rothschild, 1950. Echinus esculentus, copper content. 



Bialaszewicz, K., 1933. P. lividus, Sphaerechinus granularis, mineral content. 



Bogucki, 1930. Paracentrotus lividus, re harmful action. 



Davidson, 1952. Echinarachnius parma, clotting. 



Ephrussi, 1925. P. lividus, fertilization membrane. 



Grasse, 1948. Traite de J^'^ologie, general. 



Kindred, 1924. S. drobachiensis, S.franciscanus, Echinarachnius excentricus ; cellular elements. 



Pantin, 1931. General. 



Robertson and Webb, 1939. Estimation of inorganic content. 



Tyler, 1946. S. franciscanus, S. purpuratus, Lytechinus pictus, Dendraster excentricus; heteroaglu- 



tinins. 

 Webb, 1937. E. esculentus, P. lividus; inorganic content. 



PERIVITELLINE SPACE AND CONTENTS 



Definition. — The perivitelline space is the space between the egg surface or vitelline 

 membrane and the fertilization membrane. 



Width. — 3 to 5 [JL (E. B. Harvey per E. N. Harvey, 1932 a). May be 6.5 \l (E. B. H.). 

 Decreased under various conditions so as to be practically obliterated (E. N. Harvey, 

 1910b; Just, 1928a; et al.). With i to 2 % egg albumin (Loeb, 1913a, p. 208; Heil- 

 brunn, 1915a; R. S. Lillie, 1918b). With 2% Witte's peptone (Carrey, 1919). 

 Increased, 2 or 3 times, with urea treatment (Moser, 1940). Differs in width in 

 different species (E. B. Harvey, 1933a, 1934; et al.). 



Contents. — Chiefly sea water (E. N. Harvey, 1910b). Sea water and a colloid (Loeb, 

 1913a, p. 207; 1916, p. 108). A liquid probably containing colloids (R. S. Lillie, 

 191 1 a; Carrey, 1919; Glaser, 1924: e< a/.). A jelly-like liquid, as concluded by Fol 

 in 1879 (E. B. Wilson, 1925, p. 413). A gel containing colloids; appears striated when 

 under tension or when extended by electric current (McClendon, 1910b, 1914a), 

 Striated with aceto-carmine ; striations are formed by coalescence of spheres from 

 hyaline layer (E. B. Harvey unpub.). 



