OF EXPERIMENTAL WORK 2O5 



as much chloride. Temperature 12° ± 0.5 °C. (Lucke and McCutcheon, 1929). 



H-ion concentration. No effect on penetration of water (Luck^ and McCutcheon, 

 1926 b). See also Hydrogen Ion. 



For the effect of pH on penetration of many active compounds which are salts 

 of weak acids or bases, see Smith and Clowes, 1924, and Haywood and Root, 1930, 

 1932, for bicarbonates ; see Krahl and Clowes, 1938 and Hutchens, Krahl, and Clo- 

 wes, 1939, for substituted phenols; see Krahl, 1940, Clowes, Keltch, and Krahl, 

 1940 for barbiturates and see Krahl, Keltch, and Clowes, 1940 a for local anaes- 

 thetics. 



Injury. Increase (Lucke and McCutcheon, 1926a, b, 1930, 1932; decrease, Gold- 

 forb, 1935 c). 



Jelly coat. No effect (R. S. Lillie, 191 7). 



Leucotaxine. Increases k for water from 0.12 to 0.19 (Menkin, 1940). 



Non-electrolytes. Increase k for water from 0.05 for sea water to 0.097 for glucose, 

 0.103 for saccharose, and 0.142 for glycocoll (McCutcheon and Lucke, 1928). See 

 also McClendon, 1910 a. 



Organic extracts. Arbacia egg extracts increase (Glaser, 1914c); manmalian testis 

 and spleen increase (Favilli, 1932). 



Oxygen lack. Slight increase in k to water, no effect on osmotic equilibrium 

 (Keckwick and E. N. Harvey, 1934); no effect on k for water or ethylene glycol 

 but slight decrease in volume of egg (Hunter and E. N. Harvey, 1936; Hunter, 1936). 



Sea water concentration. No effect on k for water, as was once supposed (McCut- 

 cheon and Lucke, 1926; Lucke and McCutcheon, 1927, 1932; Lucke, Hartline, 

 and McCutcheon, 1931; Lucke, Larrabee, and Hartline, 1935. 



Temperature. Higher temperatures greatly increase k to water. Q,in» 2 to 3 and ji. 

 values, 1 3000- 1 7000 (Lucke and McCutcheon, 1926a, 1932; McCutcheon and 

 Lucke, 1926, 1927, 1932; Lucke, Hartline, and McCutcheon, 1931). No effect on 

 equilibrium (Luck^, 1935). k for ethylene glycol, propionamid and butyramid also 

 greatly increased by rise of temperature (Stewart and Jacobs, 1932 b). 



Ultraviolet light. Increase (Heilbrunn and Mazia, 1936, p. 650). No effect with 

 eggs oi Strongylocentrotus purpuratus (Reed, 1948). See Heilbrunn, 1952, p. 164 and 

 Part IV. 



X-rays. No effect (Lucke, Ricca, and Parpart, 1951). 



B. Egg Fractions. — White and red halves. See Chapter 20. (Lucke, 1932; Shapiro, 

 1939 a; E. B. Harvey, 1943, and Table 12 and Plate XIV). 



C. Fertilized Eggs and Parthenogenetic Eggs. — Increase in permeability as com- 

 pared with unfertilized eggs (McClendon, 1909b, 1910a, b; E. N. Harvey, 1909, 

 1910c; R. S. Lillie, 1 9 1 o, 1 9 1 1 a, b ; Lyon and Shackell, 1910b; Glaser, 1 9 1 3 ; Loeb, 

 1913a, p. 92, 1 916, p. 119; Heilbrunn, 191 5). k for penetration of water increases 

 about 4 times (R. S. Lillie, 1916a, 1918a; McCutcheon and Lucke, 1932; Lucke 

 and McCutcheon, 1932. k for penetration of ethylene glycol increases three times 

 after fertilization and somewhat less after distilled water activation (Stewart and 

 Jacobs, 1932 a); k for diethylene glycol and propylene glycol doubled in fertilized 

 eggs (Stewart and Jacobs, 1936). 



Change in osmotically inert fraction on activation from 7.3 to 27.4% (Shapiro, 

 1948b). 



For permeability rhythms see R. S. Lillie, 1910, 191 1 a, b, 1914b, 1916b, 1917. 



D. Nucleus of Unfertilized Egg. — See Table 1 1 and Plate XIV for changes in size 

 in hypo- and hypertonic sea water (E. B. Harvey, 1943). 



E. Cytoplasmic Granules. — Yolk granule behavoir complicated. Pigment granules 

 act like leaky osmometers with k for water penetration somewhat higher than for 

 cell (Harris, 1943). For release of pigment o]j-f«rtiH«a.^on, see Chromatophores. The 

 large pigment spots of plutei swell from >r;raUoV^i^^%^d break in distilled water 



