210 ALPHABETICAL COMPILATION 



Clotting of Body Fluid and Liberation of Pigment. — Hastened in the order of SO 4 < 

 CI < NO3 < SON (Donnellon, 1938). 



Colorless Amoebocytes of Body Fluid. — Dissolved by KCl. (Mathews, 1900). 



Amoeboid Eggs. — Caused by KCl (Churney, 1940). 



Respiration. — No references found. 



Permeability.— K. causes increase of permeability in the order of KCl < KBr < 

 KNO3 < KCNS < KI (R. S. Lillie, 1910, 1911a, b). Increase of permeability 

 with increase in valence of anions (McCutcheon and Luck6, 1928; Luck^ and 

 McCutcheon, 1929). Increased permeability can be counteracted by CaClj, MgClg 

 and certain anaesthetics (R. S. Lillie, 1911b, 1912; McCutcheon and Luck^, 1928, 

 by CaCla and MgClj.) 



Viscosity. — KCl increases viscosity in the order: KCl > NaCl > sea water > 

 MgClg > CaCl2 (E. B. Harvey, 1945). Heilbrunn gives the same order except that 

 KCl and NaCl are reversed (Heilbrunn, 1923, 1928, p. 146, 1943, p. 81). 



Breaking with Centrifugal Force.— Break more readily than in sea water in the order 

 of increasing viscosity as above (reverse order of stratification) , that is, the most 

 viscous (least stratified) break most readily (E. B. Harvey, 1945). 



Parthenogenesis. ^Caused by KCl and other K salts. KCl added to sea water was 

 first used by Morgan ( 1 899) as a parthenogenetic agent and subsequently by many 

 others. K salts listed above (under permeability) by R. S. Lillie, cause partheno- 

 genesis, effective in the order given, but are more effective if followed by hypertonic 

 sea water (R. S. Lillie, 19 10, 1911a, b.). 



Other Species (additional) and General References 



Bialaszewicz, 1927, 1929. A. lixula, P. lividvs; electrolytes in eggs. 



Heilbrunn, 1952. General Physiology, p. 523. 



Herbst, 1904. Salts necessary for development. 



Loeb, 1913a. Artificial Parthenogenesis. S. purpuratiis, S. franciscanus, especially. 



Malm and Wachtmeister, 1950. Ps. miliaris, S. drobachiensis ; amount K in unfertilized and 



fertilized eggs. 

 Oddo and Esposito, 1951. A. lixula, P. lividus; changes in K content after fertilization. 

 Robertson, 1939; Robertson and Webb, 1939; Webb, 1939. Inorganic composition of sea 



water and body fluids. 

 Rothschild, 1948 b. E. esculentus; K in seminal, perivisceral fluids and sea water. 

 Rothschild and Barnes, 1953. P. lividus; inorganic constituents of eggs; table of salts and 



species. 



PRESSURE (hydrostatic, INTERNAL AND MECHANICAL) 



A. Hydrostatic (External) Pressure. 



Unfertilized eggs. — Decrease in viscosity as shown by stratification of centrifuged 

 eggs, 408 atmospheres (about 6,000 lbs/in^) with force of 7,200 X g (Brown, 1934). 

 Eggs break into halves more readily, with centrifugal force (E. B. H., 1933 unpub.). 

 No ill effects if compressed to 680 atmospheres (10,000 lbs/in^) for several minutes 

 (Kitching and Moser, 1940). Eggs which had been made amoeboid (by urea) stop 

 movement at 340 atmospheres; also stop in Og lack (Kitching and Moser, 1940). 



Fertilized eggs. — Decrease in viscosity especially of the cortical zone as shown by 

 displacement of peripheral pigment granules by centrifuging at 408 atmospheres 

 with force of 7,200 x g (Brown, 1934). Pressure arrests and obliterates cleavage 

 furrow reversibly, at 450 atmospheres (Marsland, 1938, 1942, 1950, 1951). Effect 

 similar to Oxygen-Lack, q.v., and urethanes and ether (see Anaesthetics). 



Causes unequal first cleavage of centrifuged spherical eggs along the stratification 

 (E. B. H., 1933 unpub.); without pressure first cleavage of spherical eggs is equal 



