OF EXPERIMENTAL WORK 215 



the same as for the fertilized egg (Warburg, 1910); of A. punctulata as double 

 (McClendon and Mitchell, 19 12). Later, more accurate data were tabulated by 

 Ballentine (1940 b), Table 18. He has converted some of the original data, given in 

 millions of eggs into cm^ of eggs for uniformity in the equation: QOg = cm^ Og con- 

 sumed per hour per cm^ cells. 



2. After Maturation. — Mature egg consumes more oxygen than immature (Boell, 

 et al., 1940). But Lindahl and Holter (1941) found that the oocytes off. lividus con- 

 sumed more oxygen than the unfertilized or fertilized eggs; Borei (1948) found that 

 the oocytes of Ps. miliaris consumed more than the unfertilized eggs. 



5. During Development. — Increase hourly to fifth hour after fertilization (Loeb, 

 1913 a, p. 29). Increase 1.6 to 4.5 hours (Chesley, 1934). Gradual increase to 95 

 minutes (Whitaker, 1933 a). Increase to 22nd hour (Tyler, Ricci, and Horowitz, 1938). 

 Gradual increase till hatching, then more marked increase (Hutchens, Keltch, et al., 

 1942; Krahl, 1950). Tang (1931) found no change through third cleavage, but he 

 (1948) found mitotic rhythms. Rhythms have also been found in Ps. miliaris, etc. 

 by Zeuthen (1947, 1949, 1950, 195 1). For increased respiration in later stages see 

 M. M. Brooks (1943). 



4. On Standing. — (Wasteneys, 1916; Gerard and Rubinstein, 1934, p. 376 foot- 

 note; et al.). Tyler, Ricci and Horowitz (1938) find increase is due to bacteria; see 

 also Gorham and Tower (1902). 



5. On Shaking. — (Whitaker, 1933a, p. 488 footnote; Velick, 1941, also for cen- 

 trifuged eggs). 



6. OnCytolysis. — (Loeb, 1913a, p. 14; Tang, 1931 ; Whitaker, 1933a, p. 487 foot- 

 note; Tyler, Ricci, and Horowitz, 1938; et al.). Decrease found by Heilbrunn 

 (1915 b). See Rubenstein and Gerard (1934) and Ballentine (1940 c). 



7. In Stretched Eggs. — By centrifuging, 60 to 100% greater oxygen consumption 

 (Velick, 1 941). Cytochrome oxidase activity 3.2 times greater (Navez and E. B. 

 Harvey, 1935, see under Cytochrome Oxidase). 



8. By Redox Indicators. — Methylene blue or toluidin blue (Barron, 1929; Barron 

 and Hamburger, 1932; Chesley, 1934; Runnstrom, 1935 a; Clowes and Krahl, 

 1936 a; Ballentine, 1938, 1940 b). Increased oxidation with block or delay of cell 

 division (Clowes and Krahl, 1936 a, Shapiro, 1948 a). But M. M. Brooks (1943) 

 found increased oxidation with acceleration of development and larger plutei. 

 Neutral red (Clowes and Krahl, 1936a). O-cresol-indophenol (Clowes and Krahl, 

 1936a). See Krahl, (1950, Table VIII). 



g. By OH Ions. — (Loeb and Wasteneys, 1911b, 1915; Wasteneys, 1916, see Loeb, 

 1913 a, p. 37; McClendon and Mitchell, 19 12). 



10. By Hexose Phosphate.— {Kunnstrom, 1935 a). 



11. By Sodium Chloride. — And other parthenogenetic agents (Mitchell and McClen- 

 don, 191 1 ; McClendon and Mitchell, 191 2; Keltch and Clowes, 1947). 



12. By Naphthoquinones. — In low concentrations; decrease of respiration in higher 

 concentrations (Anfinsen, 1947). 



II. Increase of Oj Consumption with Reversible Blocking or Delay of Cell Divi- 

 sion by 



/. Pyocyar xe. — Increased Og consumption, cell division reversibly blocked in high 

 concentrations; iron-containing enzyme not involved (Barron and Hamburger, 

 1932; Runnstrom, 1935 a; Clowes and Krahl, 1936a; Korr, 1937). Also in thawed 

 frozen eggs (Runnstrom, 1935a). 



2. Dimethylparaphenylenediamine. — Cell division reversibly blocked in high concen- 

 trations (Runnstrom, 1935a; Clowes and Krahl, 1936a). Effect on OgUptake of 

 half-eggs (Boell, Chambers, Clancy, and Stern, 1940). 



3. Nitro- and Halophenols. — And related compounds; cell division reversibly 

 blocked at optimum respiratory concentration (Clowes and Krahl, 1934a, b, 1935, 



