228 ALPHABETICAL COMPILATION 



Technical books on dyes: 



Rowe, 1924, Editor of Color Index. 



Schultz, 1 928-1 934, Farbstofftabellen. 

 Vital staining, general: 



von Mollendorff, 1920, 1928. 



Other Species 

 Bank, 1933. Arbacia lixula; nucleus. 

 Becker, 1936. Review. 



Child, 1936b. S. purpuratus, S. franciscanus, Dtndraster excentricus ; dyt-s and axial gradients. 

 Gellhorn, 1931. S. purpuratus; dyes and permeability. 

 Gersch and Ries, 1937. A. lixula, Sphaerechinus granularis, Paracentrotus lividus, Psammechinus 



miliaris ; determination. 

 Lepeschkin, 19416. P. lividus; neutral red. 

 Monne, 1945. Ps. miliaris, Echinocardium cordatum etc.; eggs centrifuged and stained. Also 



other papers. 

 Moore, Bliss, and Anderson, 1945. S. purpuratus, Dendraster excentricus ; pyocyanine. 

 Orstrom, 1932a. P. lividus; dimethylparaphenylenediamine. 



Ranzi and Falkenheim, 1937. Sph. granularis; determination. Good literature list with titles. 

 Runnstrom, 1930, 1932. P. lividus; methylene blue and dimethylparaphenylenediamine; 



1935 b. Echinarachnius parma ; pyocyanine. 

 Runnstrom and Thornblom, 1938. P. lividus; pyocyanine. 



VITELLINE MEMBRANE 



Definition. — It is the membrane on the exterior of the egg proper, outside the plasma 

 membrane. The older investigators made no distinction between plasma membrane 

 and vitelline membrane referring to them together as a "pellicle". It is difficult to 

 distinguish the two optically in an unfertilized Arbacia egg. The vitelline membrane 

 is now generally believed to elevate on fertilization or parthenogenesis, and become, 

 somewhat modified, the fertilization membrane (Chambers, 1942, 1944; Kopac, 

 1940a). See under Fertilization Membrane and Fig, 9 and 10. 



Thickness. — Readily visible but not measurable with a light microscope. As deter- 

 mined by the electron microscope, it is (dried) about 250 A thick just after being 

 elevated as the fertilization membrane (E. B. Harvey and Anderson, 1943). This is 

 considerably thicker than the dried membrane of the red blood cell which according 

 to the latest data is 50-60 A (Parpart and Ballentine, 1952; Hillier and Hoffman, 

 1953). However, Mitchison (1953) has recently given a lower figure for the (ferti- 

 lization) membrane oi Psammechinus miliaris, 100 A, with electron microscope. Sec 

 Fertilization Membrane. 



Structure. — According to Heilbrunn (1915a, 1926b, it is a protein gel with little 

 or no lipid, slightly rigid. According to Kopac (1940 a), it is soft, plastic and gela- 

 tinous, a delicate film-like membrane. In electron microscope photographs, no struc- 

 ture is evident (E. B. Harvey and Anderson, 1943). 



Centrifuging. — Causes it to flow toward centrifugal pole, becoming thinner at cen- 

 tripetal pole (E. B. Harvey, 1932). 



Microdissection. — Can be torn or pulled out with a needle, or removed (Kite, 191 2; 

 Chambers, 1921a, 1930, 1942, 1949; Kopac, 1940a). 



Re-Formed. — When slightly broken (Heilbrunn, 1915a; Chambers, 1917.. 1921a). 



Elasticity. — (Heilbrunn, 1928, p. 99, 250; 1943, p. 70, 92; Cole, 1932; E. N. 

 Harvey, 1936, 1937; Chambers, 1942). On the unfertilized egg it stretches from the 

 diameter of a sphere, 74 [x, to the length of a spheroid, 140 [i,, on centrifuging (E. B. 

 Harvey and Anderson, 1943). About 25 % increase in surface on centrifuging (E. N. 

 Harvey, 1931 c). Can be stretched between two needles (Norris, 1939). 



