168 The Mastigophora 



at the base (110). Solid food is usually ingested. The characteristic 

 pharyngeal-rod apparatus, which lies dorsal to the reservoir, is composed 

 of two long rods and a shorter falcate rod which extends ventrally at its 

 anterior end (Fig. 4. 36, C, D). 



The conclusion of Tannreuther (268a), that the rod apparatus in 

 Peranema is a "perforatorium" used for piercing the prey, has been con- 

 firmed by Chen (38). The identity of the cytostome and gullet in these 

 holozoic Euglenida has been disputed. Chen (38) and Pitelka (229), 

 among others, have been convinced that ingestion takes place through a 

 cytostome and gullet independent of the reservoir and its external open- 

 ing. Chadefaud (35), on the other hand, maintains that there is no 

 separate gullet in at least certain members of the group. Previous ob- 

 servations on the continuity of food vacuoles with the cavity of the reser- 

 voir (Fig. 4. 36, E) in Heteronema (184) and Peranema (100) support 

 the latter conclusion. 



The following genera are included: Heteronema Stein (184, 202; Fig. 4. 36, E); 

 Peranema Dujardin (35, 202, 229; Fig. 4. 36, C, D), trailing flagellum adherent to the 

 pellicle; Peranemopsis Lackey (175; Fig. 4. 36, A); Urceolus Mereschkowsky (202; Fig. 

 4. 36, B). However, Pitelka (229) has considered Heteronema a synonym of Peranema. 



Suborder 3. Petalomonadoidina. The body of these colorless flagellates 

 is typically compressed and not plastic. There may be one or two flagella 

 and each flagellum is swollen at the base (110). Some species are definitely 

 holozoic. A pharyngeal-apparatus, described for several genera, may or 

 may not be homologous with that of Peranema. 



The suborder includes the following genera (110): Anisonema Dujardin (202; Fig. 4. 

 37, G); Dinema Perty (202); Entosiphon Stein (110, 171, 202; Fig. 4. 37, B); Marsupio- 

 gaster Schewiakoff (202; Fig. 4. 37, A); Notosolenus Stokes (202; Fig. 4. 37, H); Peta- 

 lomonas Stein (251; Fig. 4. 37, I, J); Scytomonas Stein (202); Sphenomonas Stein (110, 

 202); Triangiilomonas Lackey (175; Fig. 4. 37, C, D); Tropidoscyphus Stein (202; Fig. 

 4. 37, F). 



Order 7. Chloromonadida 



Little is known about these flagellates. The described species are fairly 

 large (30-100[jl) forms with somewhat plastic bodies which are usually 

 dorso-ventrally flattened, and may show a ventral groove arising near the 

 anterior end. The numerous bright green chromatophores are peripheral 

 and radially arranged in Chattonella (Fig. 4. 38, B) and Gonyostomum 

 (Fig. 4. 38, H). The pigments are said to include xanthophylls as well as 

 chlorophyll; the mixture turns blue-green in dilute acid (69). No stigma 

 has been reported. Oil droplets are usually stored. Glycogen also occurs 

 in Gonyostomum semeyi (114), but starch apparently is not formed. There 

 are typically two flagella, one of which is trailed. 



A gullet (Fig. 4. 38, E, H, J) not unlike the reservoir of Euglenida 



