184 The Mastigophora 



several earlier workers. Such a relationship remains doubtful in certain 

 species of Chilomastix (149). 



Both Retortomonas and Chilomastix are represented by species in in- 

 sects and vertebrates. Chilomastix mesnili and Retortomonas intestinalis 

 of man are discussed in Chapter XI. 



Family 5. Callimastigidae. This family includes Callimastix Weissen- 

 berg (Fig. 4. 44, C), represented by species from the stomachs of cattle, 

 goats and sheep, from the cecum and colon of horses, and from the body 

 cavity of Cyclops. The most striking feature is a compact antero-lateral 

 group of flagella which beats as a unit. 



Family 6. Polymastigidae. Four flagella arise as two pairs from the 

 anterior end of the body. There is an axostyle but apparently no para- 

 basal body. A pelta is present in Moriocercomonoides pilleata (149), and 

 a possibly homologous structure ("parabasal body") occurs in Polymastix 

 phyllophagae (272). The family includes Polymastix Biitschli (98; Fig. 

 4. 44, H) from insects and Monocercomonoides Travis (149, 271; Fig. 4. 

 44, A, B) from rodents and insects. 



Family 7. Pyrsonymphidae. These are uninucleate or multinucleate 

 flagellates. Each karyomastigont usually contains four, but sometimes 

 eight or twelve flagella, and one axostyle. An intranuclear spindle ap- 

 pears in mitosis (39). Some members of the family (e.g., Kirbyella, 

 Oxymonas) are attached, by means of an extensible rostellum, to the gut 

 wall of termites. 



The family (139) includes several uninucleate genera — Dinenympha Leidy (133, 160; 

 Fig. 4. 44, D), Pyrsonympha Leidy (160, 233; Fig. 4. 44, E), Saccinobaculus Cleveland 

 (39; Fig. 4. 44, J) from the wood roach, Metasaccinohacuhis de Freitas (87), and 

 Oxymonas Janicki {Opisthomitus Duboscq and Grasse) (41, 52; Fig. 4. 44, F, G) — and 

 the multinucleate Microrhopalodina Grassi and Foa (Proboscidiella Kofoid and Swezy) 

 (159a; Fig. 4. 44, I) and Kirbyella Zeliff (286). 



Oxymonas, Microrhopalodina, and Kirbyella seem to be restricted to the termite 

 genus Kalotermes; Saccinobaculus, to the wood roach; the rest of the group, to 

 Reticulotermes. 



Family 8. Hexamitidae. These are binucleate organisms with six or 

 eight flagella and, in at least certain genera, parabasal bodies and axo- 

 styles. Bilateral symmetry is typical of the family. The group includes 

 free-living and parasitic types. Species of Giardia are widely distributed 

 intestinal parasites of vertebrates. Giardia lamhlia of man is discussed in 

 Chapter XI. Hexamita meleagridis (105, 194) is associated with a catarrhal 

 enteritis in young turkeys. Other species of Hexamita have been reported 

 from monkeys (279), Amphibia (267), fishes (58), leeches (17), reptiles 

 and rodents, and also as free-living flagellates. The genus Trepomonas 

 also contains both free-living and parasitic species. 



The family includes the following genera: Giardia Kunstler (Fig. 4. 45, H), Gyro- 

 nionas Seligo (245; Fig. 4. 45, E, F), Hexamita Dujardin (Octomitus Prowazek) (Fig. 4. 



