190 The Mastigophora 



agridis, T. gaUinarum is associated with "blackhead" in poultry (4, 5). 



The family includes the following genera: Pentatrichomonas Mesnil (Fig. 11. 3, AC); 

 Pentatrichomonoides Kirby (137); Pseudotrypanosoma Grassi (137; Fig. 4. 48, E); 

 Trichomonas Donne (Fig. 4. 48, A, D), for which Morgan (195) has published a host- 

 parasite catalog; and Tritrichomonas Kofoid (Fig. 4. 48, B, C). 



Order 5. Hypermastigida 



These are uninucleate organisms with many flagella. Multiple axo- 

 styles and parabasal bodies also are characteristic. All known species are 

 intestinal parasites of termites, wood roaches or cockroaches. Feeding 

 methods may be saprozoic or holozoic, and some species ingest wood chips 

 swallowed by the host (77). Two suborders, Lophomonadina and Tricho- 

 nymphina, have been recognized. 



Suborder 1. Lophomonadina. In this group, the flagella and associated 

 structures are arranged in one anterior group which is resorbed in fission. 

 The suborder includes three families which differ in arrangement of the 

 flagella. 



Family 1. Lophomonadidae. The blepharoplasts form an anterior ring 

 so that the flagella, if numerous (Fig. 4. 49, C), form a distinct tuft. The 

 axostyle, at least in Lophomonas and Torquenympha (Fig. 4. 49, B), is 

 a bundle of fibrils enclosing the nucleus anteriorly. The fibrillar bundle 

 may be split posteriorly into several fibrils in Torquenympha (27). Mem- 

 bers of the group are known from the digestive tract of cockroaches 

 [Lophomonas), the wood roach (Prolophomonas), and certain termites 

 (Torquenympha). 



The family includes Prolophomonas Cleveland (39), Lophomonas Stein (168, 169), 

 and Torquenympha Brown (27). The flagella number 24 or less in Prolophomonas 

 (Fig. 4. 49, A) and Torquenympha, but are more numerous in Lophomonas. 



Family 2. Joeniidae. Although limited to an anterior area, the blepharo- 

 plasts are arranged in longitudinal rows instead of a compact ring. As a 

 result, there may be an anterior tuft of flagella, as in Joenia and Joenopsis, 

 while the rest of the flagella are trailed. The flagellar rows may extend 

 past the middle of the body in Joenopsis (55), but are shorter in Micro- 

 joenia (27, 55; Fig. 4. 49, D). A paired parabasal apparatus is quite 

 simple in Microjoenia. In Joenopsis and Joenia, however, there are two 

 filaments to which are attached numerous rod-like parabasal bodies (55). 



The following genera have been reported from termites: Joenia Grassi, Joenopsis 

 Cutler, Joenina Grassi (98a), Mesojoenia Grassi and Foa, and Microjoenia Grassi. 



Family 3. Kofoidiidae. The flagella are arranged in a spiral series of 

 permanent bundles. The nucleus lies within a "suspensorium" from 

 which filaments radiate into the cytoplasm. These filaments may be 



