Ciliophora 391 



Six genera have been referred to the family: Cephalotrichium Meunier (104), 

 Ciliospina Leegaard (104), Lohmaniella Leegaard (104; Fig. 7. 34, E), Strobilidium 

 Schewiakoff (104; Fig. 7. 34, C, D), Parastrombidium Faure-Fremiet (104), and 

 Spliaerotrichium Wulff (104). 



Suborder 3. Tintinnina 



A typical member of this group is a conical or trumpet-shaped ciliate 

 contained in a lorica to which it is attached by the adhesive aboral tip of 

 the body (Fig. 7. 35, M). The aboral end may or may not be drawn out 

 into a slender contractile stalk. The peristomial field (Fig. 7. 35, A) 

 covers most of the oral pole and is a more or less funnel-shaped area 

 leading to the cytostome (Fig. 7. 35, B). The zone of 12-24 membranelles 

 forms a spiral around the peristome. In some species, a protoplasmic 

 flange lies just outside the membranelles. The adoral zone commonly 

 bears a series of "tentaculoids," one between each pair of membranelles 

 (Fig. 7. 35, A). Each tentaculoid is a ball- or club-shaped structure borne 

 on a stalk, from the base of which a conical "accessory comb" extends into 

 the peristomial area (17). Nothing is known about the functions of the 

 tentaculoids or their appendanges. Somatic ciliation is usually sparse, 

 sometimes limited to the anterior third of the body, sometimes extending 

 almost to the posterior end. In certain species (18), a paroral zone of 

 long somatic cilia lies near the oral pole. In addition, a large ciliary 

 membrane, extending along the ventral surface from the rim of the 

 peristome (Fig. 7. 35, M), occurs in several families. This membrane helps 

 to mold the new lorica in fission (17, 18). 



The form of the lorica (Fig. 7. 35, C-L) varies considerably. The aboral 

 end is usually closed but both ends are open in certain species. The 

 capacity is generally several times the volume of the enclosed ciliate. 

 Foreign particles are sometimes incorporated in the wall of the lorica, 

 which is composed basically of secreted organic material, including 

 xanthoproteins (116). As fission is completed, this material is discharged 

 through the gullet and worked into shape by the membranelles, perioral 

 cilia and the ciliary membrane. These organelles seem to function some- 

 what like trowels in fashioning the new lorica, the anterior part being 

 shaped by the anterior daughter organism and the posterior part by the 

 posterior one. 



A few Tintinnina have been described from fresh and brackish water 

 but most of them are marine pelagic ciliates. Campbell (19) and Kofoid 

 and Campbell (115, 116) have published systematic studies of the group, 

 the taxonomy of which is based largely upon structure of the lorica. 



The following families and genera have been characterized (19, 115, 116): (1) 

 Codonellidae: Codonaria Kofoid and Campbell, Codonella Haeckel (Fig. 7. 35, G), 

 Codonopsis K. & C, Tintinnopsis Stein (Fig. 7. 35, M); (2) Codonellopsidae: Codo- 

 nellopsis Jorgensen (Fig. 7. 35, I), Laackmanniella K. & C, Stenosemella J.; (3) Cox- 

 liellidae: Climacocyclis J., Coxliella Brandt (Fig. 7. 35, H), Helicostomella J., 



