136 GENERAL SYSTEMATIC BACTERIOLOGY 



Article 51. Every one should refuse to admit a name in the following cases: 



1. When the name is applied in the plant kingdom to a group which has an 

 earlier valid name. 



2. When it duplicates the name of a class, order, family or genus, or a sub- 

 division or species of the same genus, or a subdivision of the same species. 



3. When it is based on a monstrosity. 



4. When the group which it designates embraces elements altogether incoher- 

 ent, or when it becomes a permanent source of confusion or error. 



5. When it is contrary to the rules of sections 4 and 6. 



Comments. 1. The generic name Pneumococcus of Schmidlechner 

 (1905) is an invalid synonym because of the older name Diplococcus 

 given to the same group by Weichselbaum (1886). 



2. The generic name Myxococcus of Gonnermann (1907) duplicates 

 the name of an entirely different group termed Myxococcus by Thaxter 

 (1892). 



4. Much difficulty is found in bacteriology in determining the proper 

 designation for some of the older species of bacteria because of the fact 

 that some of the older authors were dealing with mixed or impure 

 cultures. 



Article 53. When a subgenus, a section or a subsection, passes as such into 

 another genus, the name must be changed if there is already in that genus a valid 

 group of the same rank, under the same name. 



When a species is moved from one genus into another, its specific epithet must 

 be changed if it is already borne by a valid species of the genus. Similarly when 

 a subspecies, a variety, or some other subdivision of a species is placed under 

 another species, its name must be changed if borne already by a valid form of 

 like rank in that species. 



Article 54. Names of genera must be rejected in the following special cases: 



1. When they coincide with technical term currently employed in morphology 

 unless they are accompanied by specific names. 



2. When they express uninomial nomenclature. 



4. When they are formed of two words, unless these two words were from the 

 first united or joined by a hyphen. 



Examples: 1°. Generic names such as Ligmim, Radix, Spina, etc., would not 

 now be admissible, on the other hand a generic name like Tuber should not be 

 rejected when it has been published with specific names {Tuber cibarium, etc.). — 

 2° Ehrhart {Phytophylacium (1780)) and Beiirage (IV, 145-150) made use of a 

 uninomial nomenclature for species known at that time under binary names 

 {Phaeocephalum, Leptostachys, etc.). These names, which resemble generic 

 names, must not be confused with such and are to be rejected, unless a subse- 

 quent author has given them the value of a generic name : for example Baeothryon, 

 a uninomial expression of Ehrhart's has been applied to a genus characterized by 

 A. Dietrich Spec. PI. II, 89 (1833). — Names like Quisqualis (a single word from 

 the first), Sebastiano-Schaueria and Neves-Armondia will stand. 



