GENERAL SYSTEMATIC BACTERIOLOGY 137 



Article 55. Specific names must also be rejected in the following special 

 cases : 



1°. When they are ordinals serving for purpose of enumeration. 



2°. When they merely repeat the generic name. 



Examples: 1°. Boletus vicesimus sextus, Agaricus octogesimus nonit^. 2 . 

 Linaria Linaria, Raphanistrum Raphanisirum, etc. 



Comments. 1. Many bacterial species have been named by the use 

 of numbers or letters. Where these can be clearly differentiated, new 

 specific names must be given. 



2. This iTjle in the botanical code is contrary to that in the Zoologi- 

 cal Code. Names such as Apis apis maybe used in zoological literature, 

 but not in botanj^ hence not in bacteriology. A varietal name may be 

 the same as its species but the species name must be different from its 

 genus. In zoology on the other hand, variety, genus and species may 

 all have the same name. 



Article 56. In the cases foreseen in articles 51 to .56, the name to be rejected 

 or changed is replaced by the oldest valid name in the group in question, and in 

 default of such a one a new name (a new binomial) must be made. 



By a valid name is meant a name or more particularly a combination of names 

 created in conformity with the whole of the rules of nomenclature. The author 

 of a new combination ought to borrow the specific epithet of an old non-valid 

 binomial, or employ a new name. 



Article 57. The original spelling of a name must be retained, except in case 

 of a typographic or orthographic error. When the difference between two names, 

 especially two generic names, lies in the termination, these names are to be 

 regarded as distinct even though differing by one letter only. 



Examples: Rubia and Rubus, Monochaete and Monochaetum, Peponia and 

 Peponium, Iria and Iris. 



Recommendations. XXX. The liberty of making orthographic corrections 

 must be used with reserve, especially if the change effects the first syllable, and 

 above all the first letter of a name. 



XXXI. Many names differ by a single letter without risk of confusion (ex. 

 Durmllea and Urvillea). In cases where a close approach to identity is a source 

 of error (ex. Astrostemma and Asterostemma in one and the same family, Asclepi- 

 adaceae, Pleuripetalum and Pleuropetalum in Orchidaceae) only one, the older, of 

 the names should be kept, in accordance with article 51, 4 . 



Chapter IV. Modification of the rules of botanical nomenclature 



Article 58. The rules of botanical nomenclature can only be modified by com- 

 petent persons at an International Congress convened for the express purpose. 



C. THE INTERNATIONAL RULES OF ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE 



Although the bacteria are plants, and the bacteriologist is for the 

 most part dealing with bacteria, it must be recognized that the bacteria 



