138 GENERAL SYSTEMATIC BACTERIOLOGY 



intergrade with the protozoa. The bacteriologist must frequently- 

 deal also with problems in the nomenclature of protozoa, or even of 

 higher animals. He is therefore vitally interested in the rules used by 

 the zoologist in his systematic nomenclature. 



In many respects the zoological rules are more explicit than those of 

 the botanist. They constitute primarily a type basis code. To many 

 bacteriologists this appears to be highly desirable in the field of bac- 

 teriology. While the Zoological Code therefore cannot govern bacterial 

 nomenclature, nevertheless an understanding of its rules and recommen- 

 dations would be of great value in determining good usage on points 

 not covered in the Botanical Code. 



The code given below is that adopted by the Ninth International 

 Zoological Congress at Monaco, 1913. 



Article 1. Zoological nomenclature is independent of botanical nomenclature 

 in the sense that the name of an animal is not to be rejected simply because it is 

 identical with the name of a plant. If, however, an organism is transferred from 

 the vegetable to the animal kingdom its botanical names are to be accepted in 

 zoological nomenclature with their original botanical status; and if an organism 

 is transferred from the animal to the vegetable kingdom its names retain their 

 zoological status. 



Recommendation. It is well to avoid introducing into zoology as generic names 

 such names as are in use in botany. 



Article 2. The scientific designation of animals is uninominal for subgenera 

 and all higher groups, binominal for species, and trinominal for subspecies. 



Article 3. The scientific names of animals must be words which are either Latin 

 or Latinized, or considered and treated as such in case they are not of 

 classic origin. 



Family and subfamily names 



Article 4. The name of a family is formed by adding the ending idae, the name 

 of a subfamily by adding inae to the stem of the name of its type genus. 



Article 5. The name of a family or subfamily is to be changed when its type 

 genus is changed. 



Generic and subgeneric names 



Article 6. Generic and subgeneric names are subject to the same rules and 

 recommendations, and from a nomenclatural standpoint they are coordinate, that 

 is, they are of the same value. 



Article 7. A generic name becomes a subgeneric name, when the genus so 

 named becomes a subgenus, and vice versa. 



Article 8. A generic name must consist of a single word, simple or compound, 

 written with an initial capital letter, and employed as a substantive in the nomi- 

 native singular. Examples: Cenis, Porca, Ceratodus, Hymenolepis. 



