GENERAL SYSTEMATIC BACTERIOLOGY 145 



q. All other things being equal, show preference to a species which the author 

 of the genus actually studied at or before the time he proposed the genus. 



r. In case of writers who habitually placed a certain leading or typical species 

 first as "chef de file," the others being described by comparative reference to this, 

 this fact should be considered in the choice of the type species. 



s. In case of those authors who have adopted the "first species rule" in fi.xing 

 generic types, the first species named by them should be taken as types of their 

 genera. 



t. All other things being equal, page precedence should obtain in selecting a 

 type. 



Article 32. A generic or a specific name, once published, can not be rejected, 

 even by its author, because of inappropriateness. Examples: Names like Polyo- 

 don, Apus, albus, etc., when once published, are not to be rejected because of a 

 claim that they indicate characters contradictory to those possessed by the 

 animals in question. 



Article 33. A name is not to be rejected because of tautonyray, that is, because 

 the specific or the specific and subspecific names are identical with the generic 

 name. Examples: Truiia irutla, Apufi apus apus. 



Article 34. A generic name is to be rejected as a homonym when it has previ- 

 ously been used for some other genus of animals. Example : Trichina Owen, 1835, 

 nematode, is rejected as homonym (1) of Trichi7ia Meigen, 1830, insect. 



Article 35. A specific name is to be rejected as a homonym (1) when it has 

 previously been used for some other species of the same genus. Examples: 

 Taenia ovilla Rivolta, 1878 (n. sp.) is rejected as homonym of T. ovilla Gmelin, 

 1790. 



When in consequence of the union of two genera, two different animals having 

 the same specific or subspecific name are brought into one genus, the more recent 

 specific or subspecific name is to be rejected as a homonym. 



Specific names of the same origin and meaning shall be considered homonyms 

 if they are distinguished from each other only by the following differences: 



a. The use of ae, o?,, and e, as caeruleus, coeruleus, ceruleus; ei, i, and y, as 

 chiropus, cheiropus; c and k as microdon, mikrodon. 



b. The aspiration or non-aspiration of a consonant, as oxyryncus, ocyrhynchus. 



c. The presence or absence of a c before t, as autumnalis, aiLctumnalis . 



d. By a single or double consonant; liloralis, littoralis. 



e. By the endings ensis and iensis to a geographical name, as timorensis, 

 limoriensis. 



Article 36. Rejected homonyms (1) can never be again used. Rejected 

 synonyms can again be used in case of the restoration of erroneously suppressed 

 groups. Example: Taenia (Jiardi Moniez, 1870, was suppressed as a synonym 

 of Taenia ovilla Rivolta, 1878; later it was discovered that Taenia ovilla was pre- 

 occupied {Taenia ovilla Gmelin, 1790). Taenia ovilla, 1878, is suppressed as a 

 homonym, and can never again be used; it was stillborn and cannot be brought to 

 life, even when the species is placed in another genus {Thysanosoma) . Taenia 

 Giardi, 1879, which was suppressed as a synonym, becomes valid upon the sup- 

 pression of the homonj'm Taenia ovilla Rivolta. 



Recommendations. It is well to avoid the introduction of new generic names 

 which difTer from generic names already in use only in termination or in a slight 



