GENERAL SYSTEMATIC BACTERIOLOGY 147 



rules. The Type-basis Code provides for a Commission to pass upon exceptions. 

 The fundamental difference is the acceptance by the Type-basis Code of the prin- 

 ciple of Nomenclatural Types. This principle is not included in the Vienna Code 

 but is not antagonistic to it. The Committee offers the Type-basis Code of 

 Botanical Nomenclature as a new code international in its scope with the hope 

 that its merits will be so evident that it will receive support both in this country 

 and abroad and that it may be combined with the Vienna Code at the next inter- 

 national Congress. The chief differences between the two codes are (1) the con- 

 cept of types, and (2) the idea of a commission to validate exceptions. 



A type-basis code of botanical nomenclature. Principles. 



1. The primary object of formal nomenclature in systematic biology 

 is to secure stability, uniformity, and convenience in the designation 

 of plants and animals. 



2. Botanical nomenclature is treated as beginning with the general 

 applications of binomial names to plants (Linnaeus' Species Plantarum, 

 1753). 



3. Priority of publication is a fundamental principle of botanical 

 nomenclature. Two groups of the same category cannot bear the same 

 name. 



Note a. This principle applies primarily to genera and species. 

 Note b. Previous use of a name in zoology does not preclude its 

 use in botany; but the proposal of such a name should be avoided. 



4. The application of names is determined by means of nomencla- 

 tural types. 



Note. A generic name is always so applied as to include its type 

 species; a specific name is always so applied as to include its type 

 specimen. 



Rules and recommendations 



Section 1 . Publication of names 



Article 1. A specific name is published when it has been printed and distrib- 

 uted with a description, or with a reference to a previously published 

 description. 



Note. A recognizable figure may be the equivalent of a description in the 

 literature of paleobotany and diatoms. 



a. In the transfer of a species from one genus to another, the original specific 

 name is retained, unless the resulting binomial has been previously published. 



Recommendations. Botanists will do well, in publishing: 



1, In describing parasitic fungi to indicate the host and to designate the name 

 of the host by its scientific Latin name. 



2. To give the etymology of all new generic names. 



Article 2. A generic name is published when it has been printed and 

 distributed. 



