148 GENERAL SYSTEMATIC BACTERIOLOGY 



a. With a generic or specific description (or a recognizable figure, see Article 1, 

 note) and a binomial specific name. 



b. With a generic and specific name and the citation of a previously published 

 description. 



c. With a definite reference to at least one previously published binomial. 



Note a. A name is not published by its citation in synonymy, nor by inciden- 

 tal mention. Such a name may be taken up but not to replace one already prop- 

 erly published. 



Note b. Of names published in the same work and at the same time, those 

 having precedence of position are to be regarded as having priority. 



Recommendation. Botanists will do well, in publishing, to give the etymology 

 of specific names when their meaning is not obvious. 



Section 2. Application of names 



Article 3. The nomenclatural tj'pe of a species is the specimen or the most 

 important of the specimens upon which its original published description was 

 based. 



a. If only one specimen is cited, that is the type. 



b. If one specimen is designated as the type, that specimen shall be so accepted, 

 unless an error can be demonstrated. 



c. A species transferred without change of name from one genus to another 

 retains the original type even though the description under the new genus was 

 drawn from a different species. 



d. The publication of a new specific name as an avowed substitute for an earlier 

 one does not change the type of the species. 



e. When more than one specimen was originally cited and no type was desig- 

 nated the type should be selected in the following manner: 



1. The type specimen interprets the description and fixes the application of the 

 name, hence, primarilj' the description controls the selection of the type. 



2. The type may be indicated by the specific name, this being sometimes 

 derived from the collector, locality, or host. 



3. If one specimen is figured in connection with the original description this 

 may usually be regarded as the type. 



4. Specimens that are mentioned by the author as being exceptional or unusual, 

 or those which definitely disagree with the description (provided others agree) 

 may usually be excluded from consideration in selecting the type. 



5. An examination of the actual sheets of specimens studied by the author 

 may aid in determining or selecting the type. He may have written the name 

 or left notes or drawings upon one of the sheets. 



Note. Specimens known to have been received by the author subsequent 

 to the study resulting in the original publication should be excluded from 

 consideration. 



6. If an author, in publishing a new species, gives a description of his own, this 

 takes precedence over synonymy or cited descriptions, in determining the type 

 specimen. 



Article 4, The nomenclatural type species of a genus is the species or one of 

 the species included when the genus was originally published. 



