202 GENERAL SYSTEMATIC BACTERIOLOGY 



Later (1897, p. 32) he says 



The word Bacillus might then be used, in memory of Koch's first work for all 

 those species which, like the anthrax parasite, are non-motile and retain their 

 shape during sporulation. 



This of course constitutes a direct abandonment of Bacillus subtilis 

 as the generic type. 



Lehmann and Neumann (1898, p. 279) returned to the differentiation 

 of the genus upon the basis of endospore production. Their diagnosis 

 reads: "Gerade Stabchen haiifig zu Faden auswachsend. Dicke oft 

 betrachthch, selten unter 0.6, meist liber 0.8ju. Endosporen bildend." 



Migula later expanded his classification (1897, p. 47) and again em- 

 phasized the peritrichous flagellation of the cells as the principal 

 diagnostic character. Mace (1897, p. 484) used as a diagnosis "Ele- 

 ments in the form of rods, short or long, straight or slightly bent." 

 He concludes that the Bacteridium of Davaine, the Clostridium of 

 Prazmowsky, the Tyrothrix of Duclaux, the Proteus of Hauser are syno- 

 nyms. Hewlett (1898, p. 18) includes all rod-shaped bacteria under 

 the genus Bacillus. Migula (1900, p. 515) again defined Bacillus as 

 made up of peritrichous rods. He says: 



Kiirzere oder langere, stabchenformige bis ovoide gerade Zellen, oft zu ziem- 

 lich langen Faden verbunden, beweglich, mit iiber den ganzen Korper zerstraut 

 stehenden, wellig gebogenen Geisseln. Endosporenbildung ist haufig. 



Lehmann and Neumann (1901, p. 124) consistently adhere to the 

 diagnostic importance of endospores, and include all spore bearing rods 

 in this genus. Chester (1901, p. 199) follows Migula in basing his diag- 

 nosis upon peritrichous flagellation. The same description is used by 

 Kendall (1902, p. 484). Schmidt and Weis (1902, p. 91) follow Migula. 

 Matzuschita (1902, p. IV) included all rod-shaped organisms. Allan 

 J. Smith (1902, p. 270) gives the generic description "Cells with flagella; 

 peritrichous; endospores present or absent." Fischer in the second 

 edition of his lectures (1903, p. 60) again defines Bacillus as comprising 

 the non-motile rods. Migula (1904, p. 145) reaffirmed peritrichic flagel- 

 lation as important. He is followed by Erwin F. Smith (1905, p. 160), 

 Ellis (1909, p. 6), Frost (1911, p. 57), Schneider (1912, p. 23) and many 

 other authors. Orla-Jensen (1909, p. 344) used the name Bacillus to 

 designate organisms of the type of B. mijcoides, placing the genus in his 

 family Alkalibacteriaceae. These organisms are said to require organic 

 nitrogen, free oxygen, produce spores and cause decay. Conn (1909, 



