270 ' GENERAL SYSTEMATIC BACTERIOLOGY 



of space. Schroeter (1886, p. 143) recognized the family (with the 

 spelling Coccacei) making it the only family of his fourth order of 

 bacteria {Coccobacteria). He states: 



Vegetative Zellen kuglig oder kurz elliptisch zu keiner Zeit ihrer Entwicke- 

 lung zu Stabchen oder Fadenformen auswachsend, immer unbewegt. Die ein- 

 zelnen Individuen im Substrat resp. der von ihnen gebildeten Schleimmasse 

 zerstreut oder in typischer Art zu bestimmt geformten Familien vereinigt. Die 

 einzelnen Individuen oder auch die Familien oft mit scharf begreizten Gallert- 

 hiillen umzogen — Sporen, soweit wie bekannt, aus einem voUstandigen Zell — ■ 

 Individuum hervorgehend (Arthrosporen). 



The genera recognized were increased to nine. 

 Hansgirg (1888. p. 266) listed this as a synonym of his Mycococcaceae. 

 Migula (1894, p. 236) says, 



Familie Coccaceae Zopf emend. Mig. Zellen im freien Zustande vollig kugel 

 rund; Teilung nach ein, zwei oder drei Richtungen des Raumes, in dem sich jede 

 Kugelzelle in Kugelhiiften, Kugelquadraten oder Kugeloctanten teilt, die wieder 

 zu VoUkugeln heranwachsen. Endosporenbildung selten. 



The genera included were Streptococcus, Micrococcus, Sarcina, Piano- 

 coccus and Planosarcina. 



Most recent writers on the classification of bacteria have used the 

 name. Among these may be cited Hueppe (1895, p. 37), Lehmann 

 and Neumann (1896, p. 101), Fischer (1897, p. 32), Mace (1897), 

 Migula (1897, p. 116, 1900, p. 1, 1904, p. 144), Chester (1897, p. 62, 1901, 

 p. 55), A. J. Smith (1902, p. 268), Schmidt and Weis (1902), Kendall 

 (1902), Klocker (1903, p. 330), Fischer (1903, p. 59), E. F. Smith 

 (1905, p. 159), Flugge (1908), Ellis (1909, p. 3), Frost (1911, p. 56), 

 Schneider (1912, p. 22), Benecke (1912). The Winslows (1908, p. 249) 

 have emended somewhat the family diagnosis as follows: 



Cells, in their free condition, spherical; during division somewhat elliptical. 

 In the latter condition, division has already set in, although it may not be appar- 

 ent. Division in one, two or three planes without previous elongation of the 

 cells. If the cells remain in contact after division they are frequently flattened 

 in the plane of division. Motility is present only in a few forms. Formation of 

 endospores appears to be absent or very rare. 



These authors subdivide the family into the subfamilies Paracoc- 

 caceae and Metacoccaceae (q.v.). 



Winslow et al. (Committee Soc. Am. Bact., 1977, p. 557) use the 

 following description: 



