GENERAL SYSTEMATIC BACTERIOLOGY 375 



increasing the number of genera of spherical bacteria. Zopf (1885, 

 p. 51) gives five genera of cocci, Streptococcus, Merismopedia, Micro- 

 coccus, Ascococcus and Sarcina. Micrococcus is defined as made up of 

 cocci, not in packets, not producing large quantities of capsular material, 

 and with the cells irregularly arranged in grape Hke clusters. He 

 concluded that the generic name Staphylococcus of Rosenbach is a 

 synonym. Cornil and Babes (1886) use Micrococcus as a group name 

 and include under it as subdivisions, Streptococcus, Staphylococcus 

 Ascococcus and Sarcina. Fliigge (1886) defined the genus as having 

 cells oval or spherical, non-motile and with the cells separating as soon 

 as division is complete. Schroeter (1886, p. 143) recognizes nine 

 genera of cocci. Micrococcus includes those Vv'hose cells are spherical 

 single or arranged irregularly, and in which the cells or colonies are free 

 or embedded in slime without definite gelatinous membranes. 



Maggi (1886, p. 81) included this as the first genus of his order 

 Sphaerohacteries. 



Hansgirg (1888, p. 267) included this as the only genus of the sub- 

 family Eucoccaceae. 



De Toni and Trevisan (1889, p. 1076) include some twenty-two 

 genera among the cocci, one of them Micrococcus with a large number 

 of species. 



Various authors before 1895 defined Micrococcus as containing those 

 organisms with irregularly grouped spherical cells. Among them were 

 Billet (1890, p. 24), Hueppe (1892, p. 30), Sternberg (1892, p. 17), 

 Ludwig (1892) and Clements (1894, p. 26). Migula 1892, p. 236 

 says: "Micrococcus Cohn. Die zellen teilen sich nach 2 Richtungen 

 des Raumes. Bewegungsorgane fehlen. (Z. B. Micrococcus candi- 

 cans Fliigge.)" 



Migula (1894) emended the description of Micrococcus, creating new 

 genera for the motile forms. The genus is given the following diag- 

 nosis (1895, p. 16): 



Single cells spherical, often united in twos and fours and then sometimes flat- 

 tened on surfaces in contact. Division in two directions of space. Non-motile 

 Endospore formation not certainly recognized, probably lacking. 



He notes that some four hundred species had been described. 



Fischer (1897, p. 32) on the other hand, emphasized that Micro- 

 coccus consists of cells which divide irregularly, and not in definite 

 sequence and which are non-motile. Lehmann and Neumann (1896, 

 p. 148) used the following description: 



