472 GENERAL SYSTEMATIC BACTERIOLOGY 



Sp. undula and Sp. rufum. Davaine (1859) interpreted the genus as 

 containing any spiral rod. Rabenhorst (1865, p. 72) gives the following 

 diagnosis: "Trichomata fihformia, divisione spontanea imperfecta 

 articulata, spiraliter torta, cochleam rigidam vel cylindriformam 

 simulantia." Cohn (1872, p. 181) also used this generic name. The 

 organisms described all were found in stagnant water and in infusions. 

 Cohn later (1875) included the genus in his tribe Nematogenes, and 

 defined it to include short spiral, rigid filaments without phycochrome, 

 free and unbranched. The generic designation was used in this sense 

 by Luerssen (1879, p. 25), and Magnin (1880, p. 94). Trevisan (1879, 

 p. 148) gives the generic description: "Somatia cyhndrica, articulata, 

 valida, abbreviata, rigida, spiraHter, torta, anfractibus paucis latis." 

 Three species are listed, Spirillum tenue, S. undula and S. volutans. 

 Winter (1880, p. 62) included Vibrio MueUer (Cohn) and Ophidomonas 

 Ehrenberg as synonyms. His diagnosis reads: 



Zellen cylindrisch oder schwach zusammen gedriickt, einfach bogenformig 

 gekriimmt order spiralig gewninden, starr, an jedem Ende mit einer Geissel (ob 

 bei alien Arten?): Vermehrung durch Querteilung; die Tochterzellen trennen 

 sich meist bald von einander. Mitunter kommt auch Zoogloeabilding vor. 

 Sporenbildung anhlich wie bei Bacillus. 



The same description was used by Grove (1884, p. 46). 



Zopf (1885, p. 61) in accordance with his ideas of pleomorphism 

 redefined the genus to include organisms which are spiral, and which 

 consist of rods only or of rods and cocci. De Bary (1884) included 

 in the genus the endospore-producing spiral rods. This conception 

 was also held by Hueppe (1885). Zopf (1885) on the other hand stated 

 that spores were lacking or unknown. Fluegge (1886) used Spirillum 

 in a general or broad sense to include Spirochaeta, and in a more limited 

 sense. He differentiated in the latter from the genus Vibrio because 

 of the more pronounced and extended spirals. Schroter (1886, p. 

 167) followed De Bary in regarding the presence of endogenous spores 

 as characteristic. Hueppe (1886, p. 143) agrees with Schroter. 



Hansgirg (1888, p. 264) recognized this as the sole genus of his 

 subfamily Spirobacteria. He subdivided the genus into two sections, 

 Vibrio and Ophidomonas. De Toni and Trevisan (1889, p. 1006) 

 give the following diagnosis: "Baculi cylindrici, spirahter torti, plas- 

 mate uniformiter diffuso instructi. Sporae (endosporae) microsomae 

 in baculis normaUbus immutatis ortae." They include as synonyms 

 Ophidomonas, Spirochaeta and Thiospirillum and Hst 36 species. 



