GENERAL SYSTEMATIC BACTERIOLOGY 473 



Billet (1890, p. 25) included all spiral forms. Ludwig (1892) used 

 the term to designate all stiff or rigid spiral rods. Sternberg (1892) 

 included all curved rods and spiral filaments, whether rigid or flexible. 



Migula (1894, p. 237) divided the old genus Spirillum into Spirosoma, 

 Spirillum and Microspira. He says: "Spirilluni Ehren. Zellen starr 

 mit polaren Biischeln von 5-20 halbkreisformig gebogenen Geisseln." 

 The definition of Migula has been quite commonly used by bacteriol- 

 ogists, among others by Fischer (1897, p. 32), Mace (1897, p. 484), 

 Chester (1899, p. 63), Migula (1897, p. 6, 1900, p. 1017), Lehmann 

 and Neumann (1896, p. 344), 1901, p. 126),, Chester (1901, p. 342), 

 Matzuschita (1902), Kendall (1902), A. J. Smith (1902, p. 270), Fischer 

 (1903, p. 61), Migula (1904, p. 145), E. F. Smith (1905, p. 161), Fluegge 

 (1908), Ellis (1909, p. 6), Frost (1911, p. 59), Schneider (1912, p. 23), 

 Lohnis (1913). 



A few others have adhered to the definition that the genus Spirillum 

 includes all spiral organisms. Among such are Hewlett (1898) and 

 Baumgarten (1900). 



Blanchard (1906, p. 1) defines the genus as follows: 



Corps spiral^, a section cylindrique, non effile aux extremit^s. Pas de mem- 

 brane ondulante. Un ou plusieurs flagelles inflechis en combe reguli^re, soit 

 aux deux entremites, soit seulement a I'une d'elles. Formation de spores endo- 

 genes constatee chez nombre d'especes. Organismes de taille relativement con- 

 siderable, SB cultivant assez aisement sur divers milieux iisites en bacteriologie. 



He Hsts seventeen species that had been described to 1906. 



Orla- Jensen (1909, p. 333) includes this genus of elongated spiral 

 forms as the second in his family Reducibaderiaceae, order Cephalo- 

 tricliinae. He states that as a rule combined organic nitrogen is not 

 necessary, that in general free oxygen is not required and that the organ- 

 isms are active reducers. 



Vuillemin (1913, p. 519) has proposed that Spirillum Ehrenberg be 

 made a genus conservandum with the type species Spirillum undula 

 (Miiller) Ehrenberg. The genus is defined as made up of bacteria with 

 spiral body, polar flagella and an imdulating motion. 



Winslow et al. (Committee Soc. Am. Bact., 1917, p. 557) give the 

 following generic description. 



Cells rigid rods of various thicknesses, length, and pitch of the spiral, forming 

 either long screws or portions of a turn. Cells motile by means of a tuft of polar 

 flagella (5 to 20) which are mostly half circular, rarely wavy-bent. These flagella 

 occur on one or both poles; their number varies greatly and is diflBcult to deter- 

 mine, since in stained preparations several are often united into a common strand. 



