GENERAL SYSTEMATIC BACTERIOLOGY 477 



of Elephantopus. Baker (1902, p. 53) insists that the single species 

 described is worthy of generic recognition, and uses Spirochaeta, 

 These uses in botany are of course invalidated by the earlier use of 

 Spirochaeta by Ehrenberg, if this organism is to be included among 

 plants. The species Spirochaeta pUcatilis was recognized by Perty 

 (1852, p. 179). 



Rabenhorst (1865, p. 73) states: "Genus a Spirillo vix discerndum." 

 The single species is described as: "Sp. longissima, distincte articu- 

 lata anfractibus numerosissimis." 



Cohn (1872, p. 180) changed the spelling to Spirochaete, (q.v.) a 

 form commonly used at present among bacteriologists. He says: 

 "Spirochaete mit flexiler und langer enggewimdener Schraube." He 

 discusses his observations of Sp. pUcatilis. Later (1875, p. 196) he 

 named the slender spiral organism found in the blood in cases of re- 

 lapsing fever, Spirochaete obermeieri. He included the genus in the 

 tribe Nematogenes, and described it as having long filaments, spiral, 

 flexible, without phycochrome, unbranched and free. Trevisan 

 (1879, p. 148) gives the following description : " Somatia cylindrica.. 

 distincte articulata, valida, elongata flexilia, spiraliter torta, anfracti- 

 bus numerosis densis." This genus is included in the subtribe Euvib- 

 rionieae. Three species are included, Spirochaete pUcatilis, S, ober- 

 meieri of relapsing fever, and S. cohnii from the tartar of teeth. Luers- 

 sen (1879, p. 25), Winter (1880, p. 60), Grove (1884, p. 43), Van Tieg- 

 hem (1884) and Schroter (1886, p. 168) followed closely the diagnosis 

 of Cohn. Cohn (1883, p. 198) described a new species from gelatinous 

 growths from wine cellars Spirochaete Schroeterii. 



Hueppe (1885) differentiated Spirochaeta from Spirillum in that the 

 former had no endospores. Fluegge (1886) combined the genus with 

 Spirillum. Hansgirg (1888, p. 264) included the genus in his sub- 

 family Spirobacteria, with the species Spirochaete jerruginea (Ehrb.) 

 Hansgirg. 



De Toni and Trevisan (1889, p. 1006) regard Spirochaete as a 

 section of the genus Spirillum. They say "SpiriUi regulariter spirales 

 flexiles, valde elongati, spiris primoriis et secondariis instructi." Eleven 

 species are included in this section. 



Billet (1890, p. 24) followed Cohn in his definition, as did Sternberg 

 (1892, p. 18), Ludwig (1892) and Fischer (1897, p. 32). Migula (1894, 

 p. 237) says ''Spirochaete Ehrenb: Zellen schlangenartig biegsam. 

 Bewegungsorgane unbekannt, vielleicht eine undulierende Membran 



