478 GENERAL SYSTEMATIC BACTERIOLOGY 



(Z. B. Spirochaete plicatills Ehrenb.)-" Migula (1897, p. 87) and later 

 (1900, p. 1029) revised the diagnosis as follows: 



Zellen schraubig gewunden, diinn, aber meist verhaltnissmassig lang, beweg- 

 lich und flexil, schlangenartig sich windend, aber auch schraubig sich fortbewe- 

 gend. Bewegungsorgane bisher unbekannt. Endosporenbildung nicht beobach- 

 tet. Der Algengattung Spirulina nahe verwandt, aber farblos und nicht in 

 einzelne Zellen geghedert. 



This description has been adopted by many writers, among them 

 Chester (1897, p. 63), Chester (1901, p. 347), Lehmann and Neumann 

 (1896, p. 348, 1901, p. 126), Kendall (1902), Matzuschita (1902), 

 A. J. Smith (1902, p. 270), Fischer (1903, p. 61), Migula and (1904, 

 p. 145). 



Stiles (1905, p. 94) called attention to the fact that this generic 

 name is usually misspelled, and that the original and correct spelling 

 is Spirochaeta. This same point was later brought out by Blanchard 

 (1906, p. 2) who showed the spelling Spirochaete to be incorrect. He 

 recognizes sixteen species. 



Among the later writers who have followed Migula in his treatment 

 of this genus may be mentioned E. F. Smith (1905, p. 161), EUis (1909, 

 p. 7), Orla-Jensen (1909, p. 334), Frost (1911, p. 59), Bosanquet (1911, 

 p. 69) and Lohnis (1913). 



Much interest was centered in the group of flexuous spiral organisms 

 after the discovery of the form causing syphilis by Schraudinn. Dif- 

 ference of opinion was at once expressed as to the propriety of including 

 them with the bacteria. Vuillemin (1905) proposed the generic name 

 Spironema (q.v.) which was found to be invalid. Later in the same 

 year Schaudinn (1905) proposed Treponema (q.v.) and Stiles and 

 Pfender (1905) Microspironema. • 



Blanchard (1906, p. 2) places the genus Spirochaeta with the protozoa. 

 He gives the following description: 



Corps excessivement grele, spirale, aplati, I'ectoplasme s'etaltant en une 

 ^troite membrane ondulante qui entoure en spirale tout le corps. Pas de fla- 

 gelles; pas de spores endogenes. Un noyau tres allonge, filiforme, occupant I'axe 

 du corps, avec gravis de chromatine distribues a sa surface. La multiplication 

 se fait, selon toute apperence, par division longitudinale. La culture de ces 

 organismes ne reussit sur aucun des milieux usit6s en bacteriologie. 



He regards this genus as related to the other flagellates through the 

 genera Treponema and Trypanosoma. He lists sixteen species as 

 belonging to this genus. 



