GENERAL SYSTEMATIC BACTERIOLOGY 483 



The description given by Winter of S. voluhilis, is as follows: 



Farblos, durchsichtig, glatt, ohne irgend auffallende Differenzirung, Bewe- 

 gung ziemlich schnell unter rascher Drehung um die Achse, um welche der blatt- 

 formige Korper gewiinden ist. Korper manchmal sehr wenig gewunden, nie mehr 

 als einen Umgang bildend. 



The second species S. cohnii was described by Warming (1876, p. 

 370). Both species are recognized by De Toni and Trevisan (1889, 

 p. 1015). 



Migula (1897, p. 62) states that the morphology of this organism is 

 so poorly understood that it is possible that it should not be included 

 among the bacteria, but rather among the flagellates. Erwin F. 

 Smith (1905, p. 162) includes Spiromonas in his list of doubtful genera. 



Orla- Jensen (1921, p. 269) independently proposed this as generic 

 designation in the following statement. 



Certainly the lophotrichic spirilla, both in regard to their morphological and 

 to their biological properties, form a natural group. This thoroughly justifies 

 the setting up of a genus, Spirillum, or better Spiromonas, a new designation, 

 which would also make it possible to incorporate nearly related monotrichic 

 species in this group 



In this sense the genus is invalid. 



The nomenclatural status of the genus is uncertain. The type is 

 Spiromonas voluhilis Perty. 



Spironema. This name was proposed by Vuillemin (1905) for the 

 generic designation of the organism causing syphilis, which had been 

 named Spirochaeta pallida by Schaudinn (1905). This organism was 

 regarded by Schaudinn as a protozoan. Schaudinn (October 26, 1905) 

 noted that Spironema was preoccupied in zoological nomenclature 

 (by Spironema Meek (1864) a gelius of molluscs and by Spironema 

 Klebs (1893) a genus of protozoa). He accordingly proposed the 

 generic name Treponema. Blanchard (1906, p. 4) agrees that Spiro- 

 nema is invalid, as does Dobell (1911, p. 535) also. 



Stiles and Pfender (December 2, 1905, p. 936), evidently unaware 

 of the previous publication by Schaudinn of the name Treponema 

 proposed Micros pironema. 



Gross (1912, p. 89) gives the following diagnosis: "^Spironema Vuil- 

 lemin. Spironemacea mit wellenformig gebogenem Korper und End- 

 faden. Theilung mit Ausziehung einer Plasmabriicke." 



Gross (1911, p. 109) contends that the organism causing syphilis 

 belongs with the bacteria and not the protozoa, and that as Spironema 



