484 GENERAL SYSTEMATIC BACTERIOLOGY 



has not been previously used in botany, Vuillemin's designation is 

 tenable. In this he is apparently in error, for Spironema was used by 

 Hochstetter (1842, p. 226) for a genus of Verbenaceae. This is given 

 as a synonym of Clerodendron L. Lindley (1840) used Spironema as 

 the name of a genus of the family Commelinaceae. Rafinesque (1836) 

 used this name for a genus of the family Lauraceae, the name being 

 now listed as a synonym of Cassytha L. 



It is apparent therefore from the preceding statements that Spiro- 

 nema is valid as a generic name for the syphilis organism neither in 

 botany or zoology. 



Gross (1912, p. 84) again emphasized his belief in the validity of 

 Spironema as a bacterial genus. Gleitsmann (1913, p. 31) regarded 

 as invalid. The name is also used by Gonder (1914, p. 683). 



Bergey et al. (1923, p. 424) have recognized Spironema Vuillemin as 

 a vahd generic name with the description: "A spiral, flexible body 

 with terminal filaments but no membrane." 



Spironemacea. A group (family?) name used by Gross (1910, p. 88) 

 to include the genera Spirochaeta, Saprospira, Cristispira and Spiro- 

 nema. His description is "Spironemacea nov. fam. Langgestreckte, 

 spiralig oder wellenformig gebogene Bacterien mit flexibilem, aus einer 

 Wabenreihe bestehendem drehrunder Korper. Vermehrung durch 

 Quertheilung." 



A later (1911, p. 202) description reads: "Vielzellige, lang gestreckte 

 spiralig oder wellenformig gebogene Bacterien mit flexibilem, aus einer 

 einzigen ZeUen reihe bestehendem Korper Vermehrung durch Quer- 

 theilung." 



Spirophyllum. A genus of bacteria described by Ellis (1907. p. 516) 

 with one species, S. ferrugineum. The following description (1907, p. 

 516) is given: 



Body of the cell elongated, flattened and spirally twisted. The number of 

 spiral turns may vary from a quarter to fifteen turns and more. The width varies 

 from 1 to Qu. There is no definite membrane, but the edge is thickened so as to 

 form a kind of rampart all around the cell. The ends are usually irregular, angu- 

 lar and unsymmetrical. The spirals may be very close or very wide apart, but 

 the majority of the individuals have spiral lengths three or four times greater 

 than the width. The youngest stages are coated with a thick deposit of ferric 

 hydroxide. 



The name is accepted by Orla- Jensen (1909, p. 331) as one of the 

 genera of his family Trichobacteriaceae. 



