30 



THE EYE IN EVOLUTION 



we attempt to analyse the behaviour of living things. Loeb's great 

 contribution was the application of the experimental method to the 

 reactions of animals, thus retrieving their interpretation from the 

 vagueness and sterility of conjectural anthropomorphism and subjecting 

 them to objective analysis. It must be admitted at once that any 

 attempt to explain animal behaviour in terms of our present knowledge 

 by one single embracing theory is premature ; and while more can be 

 learned by studying reactions to stimuli and classifying the responses 

 of animals on a mechanistic rather than on a teleological basis/ and 

 although higher functions can never wisely be called upon to explain 

 an action if lower functions can provide a rational and consistent 

 interpretation, there are many aspects of the behaviour of animals 

 wherein a mechanomorphic scheme based solely on forced and stereo- 

 typed responses fails to meet the case and wherein the conceptions of 

 motivation, incentive and learning can be more usefully and economic- 

 ally invoked. 2 



Alverdes. The Psychology of Animals in 



relation to Human Psychology, London 



(1932). 

 Bert. Arch. Physiol, norm, path., Paris, 



2, 547 (1869). 

 Bierens de Haan. Biol. Zbl., 41, 395 



(1921). 

 Binet. The Psychic Life of Micro- 

 organisms, Chicago (1894). 

 Boerhaave. Institutiones medicce (1708). 

 Bohn. Rap. VI Cong, internat. Psychol., 



Geneva (1909). 

 du Bois-Reymond. An. Phys. Chem., 134, 



1 (1843). 

 Untersuch. ii. thierische Elektricitdt, 1 



(1848) ; 2 (1849). 

 von Buddenbrock. Biol. Zbl., 35, 481 



(1915). 

 de Candolle. Physiologic vegetale, Paris 



(1832). 

 Darwin. Expression of the Emotions in 



Man and Animals (1872). 

 Descartes. Les passions de I'dme (1650). 



De homine (1664). 

 Engelmann. Pflilgers Arch. ges. Physiol., 



19, 1 (1879) ; 29, 387 (1882). 

 Galvani. De viribus electricitatis in motu 



musculari, Acad. Sci. Inst. Bologna, 7, 



363 (1791). 

 Graber. S. B. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 87, 201 



(1883). 

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und Forbensinnes d. Tiere, Leipzig 



(1884). 



Jennings. Publ. Carnegie Inst., Wash., 

 No. 16, 256 (1904). 

 Behavior of Lower Organisms, N.Y. 

 (1906). 

 Kiihn. Die Orientierung der Tiere im 



Raum, Jena (1919). 

 Loeb. Pfliigers Arch. ges. Physiol., 64, 81 

 (1893) ; 56. 247 (1894) ; 115, 564 

 (1906). 

 The Dynamics of Living Matter, N.Y. 



(1906). 

 The Mechanistic Conception of Life, 



Chicago (1912). 

 Hb. vergl. Physiol., 4, 451 (1913). 

 Forced Movements, Tropisms and Animal 

 Conduct, Phila. (1918). 

 Lubbock. J. Liym. Soc. (Zool.), 16, 121 

 (1881) ; 17, 205 (1883). 

 The Senses, Instinct and Intelligence of 

 Animals, London (1889). 

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Light and Behavior of Organisms, N.Y. 



(1911). 

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 Biol. Zbl., 33, 581 (1913) ; 34, 641 (1914). 

 Arch. EntwMech. Org., 41, 251 (1915). 

 Motor Responses to Light in the In- 

 vertebrate Animals, N.Y. (1936). 

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 Miiller, J. Hb. d. Physiol, d. Menschen, 



3, Sect, 1 and 2 (1834). 

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 Plateau. J. Anat. (Paris), 22, 431 (U 

 Ray. Historia Plantarum, 2, 985 (1693). 



^ The value of the objective approach in comparison with the teleological as a 

 stimulus to i^i-o^ress is seen in comparing two textbooks published about the same 

 time — War:- , "^onkins and Wtirner's Introduction to Comparative Psychology (N.Y., 

 1934) and t,. uithropomorphic The Animal Mind: a Textbook of Comparative 

 Psychology b; >shburn (N.Y., 1936). 



* See fur p. 107. 



