704 



THE EYE IN EVOLUTION 



" imprinting " whereby a newly hatched fleclghng attaches itself to 

 the first thing it sees, usually its parent, sometimes a bird of another 

 species, occasionally a human being, ^ or experimentally in incubated 

 birds to an inanimate object (Lorenz, 1935 ; Alley and Boyd, 1950 ; 

 Ramsay, 1950 ; and others). 



Among PLACENTALS the accuracy of visual judgments varies. In 

 most of the lower nocturnal types it is of low degree ; thus Greenhut 

 and Young (1953), in assessing the accuracy of jumps by rats, found 

 that they appeared to have little or no visual perception of distance ; 

 little difference was found between the performances of normal, 

 hooded or albino animals. On the other hand, the agility of the 

 arboreal Placentals, the accuracy of the larger Felidae in leaping on 

 their prey, or the sure-footedness of the swifter Ungulates in galloping 

 or jumping over rough country is testimony that accurate spatial 

 judgments are not a monopoly of the Primates. 



Alley and Boyd. The Ibis, 92, 46 (1950). 

 Benjamins. Dtsch. Physiol. Ges., Ham- 



"burg, 2 (1920). 

 Banner. Z. uiss. Zool., 151, 382 (1938). 

 Boulet. C. R. Soc. Biol. (Paris), 147, 1623 



(1953). 

 Bressou. C. R. Acad. Set. (Paris), 241, 



615, 639 (1955). 

 Canella. C. R. Soc. Biol. (Paris), 122, 



1221 (1936). 

 Chow and Nissen. J. comp. physiol. 



Psychol., 48, 229 (1955). 

 Dubar. These, Paris (1924). 

 Fabricius. Acta zool. Fenn., 68, 1 (1951). 

 Gassendi. Opera, 2, 395 (1658). 

 Greenhut and Young. J. genet. Psychol., 



82, 155 (1953). 

 Grinnell. Univ. Calif. Chron., 392 (1921). 

 Grossmann and Mayerhauseii. ?'. Graefes 



Arch. Ophthal.,'22 (3), 217 (1877). 

 Gudger. Zoologica, 34, 99 (1949). 

 von Haartmann. Acta zool. Fenn., 56, 1 



(1949). 

 Herter. Z. vergl. Physiol., 11, 730 (1930). 

 Johnson, Lindsay. Philos. Trans. B, 194, 



1 (1901). 

 Kahmann. Zool. Jb., Abt. Zool. Physiol., 



52, 295 (1932). 

 Zool. Anz., 102, 177 (1933). 

 Kappers. Die Vergl. Anat. des Nerven- 



systems der Wirbeltiere, Haarlem 

 ,(1920). 

 Kepler. Dioptrice (1611). 

 Leuckart. Graefe-Saeinisch Hb. d. ges. 



Augenheilk., I. 2, 145 (1875). 

 Lorenz. J. Ornith. (Lpz.), 83, 137 289 



(1935). 

 Magnus. Korperstellung , Haarlem (1924). 

 Merton. J. Physiol., 132, 25P (1956). 

 Morrow. Quart. Rev. Biol., 23, 27 (1948). 



Mott. Trans, ophthal. Soc. U.K., 25, liii 



(1905). 

 Miiller, J. Zur vergl. Physiol, d. Gesichts- 



sinnes d. Menschen u. d. Thiere, 



Leipzig (1826). 

 Myers. J. comp. physiol. Psychol., 48, 



470 (1955). 

 Newton. Opticks, London (1704). 

 Ovio. Anat. et physiol. de Voeil dans la 



serie animale, Paris (1927). 

 Pirenne. Nature (Lond.), 152, 698 (1943). 

 Pisa. v. Graefes Arch. Ophthal., 140, 1 



(1939). 

 Porta. De refractione, 142 (1593). 

 Porterfield. On the Eye, Edinburgh, 2, 285 



(1759). 

 Portier. Rev.fran^. Ornith., 15, 99 (1923). 

 Ramsay. The Auk, 67, 456 (1950). 

 Revesz. Brit. J. Psychol., 14, 387 (1924). 



Arch, neerl. Physiol., 10, 417 (1925). 

 Rochon-Duvigneaud. Ann. Oculist. 



(Paris), 158, 561 (1921) ; 159, 561 



(1922) ; 160, 769 (1923) ; 170, 177 



(1933). 

 Recherches sur Voeil et la vision chez 



les vertebres, Paris (1933). 

 Les yen. I- et la vision des vertebres, Paris 



(1943). 

 Seigel. J. comp. physiol. Psychol., 46, 115, 



249 (1953). 

 Schneider. Z. vergl. Physiol., 39, 524 



(1957). 

 Sherrington. Brit. J. Psychol., 1, 26 



(1904). 

 Integrative Action of the Nervous System, 



N.Y. (1906). 

 Sperrv and Clark. Physiol. Zool., 22, 372 



(1949). 

 Thieuhn. These, Paris (1927). 



* This phenomenon was known to Pliny {Nat. Hist., 10, 37). 



