262 



GARDENERS' CHRONICLE 



the early stage, most certainly require 

 water, and in this case it is certainly better 

 to give a thorough soaking at night. 



In really dry weather, big clumps of per- 

 ennials. Lupines, Delphiniums and many 

 more must be watered. I find in a thickly 

 planted border it is much better to care- 

 fully pour the water straight into the 

 clumps with care in such cases. 



And now we come to the quantity of 

 water to give, purposely left to the last of 

 these questions on watering, as it is vitally 

 important. The advice may be summed up 

 in two words : "Water thoroughly." The in- 

 tentions of many readers who wield the 

 water-can and the hose are good, but they 

 do not all know what thoroughness means. 

 In watering, however, do not remain spray- 

 ing a single plant for several minutes, or a 

 pool will result. Spray each plant for a 

 short time, and then go on to the other 

 parts of the border, returning after a time 

 to the plants watered earlier and water 

 again, for the first lot of water will have 

 soaked in. In really dry times it may be 

 necessary to return two or three times to 

 ensure the water reaching the roots. A 

 mere surface watering is no good in dry 

 weather. Water thoroughly if at all. — The 

 Garden. 



WE HAVE STILL THE TREES 



The meadow-farmers have dealt merci- 

 fully wilh the hedges. . . . The hedges 

 — \'es, the hedges, the very synonym of 

 Merry England — are yet there, and long 

 may they remain. Without hedges England 

 would not be England. Hedges, thick and 

 high, and full of flowers, birds, and living 

 creatures, of shade and flecks of sunshine 

 dancing up and down the bark of the trees 

 — I love their very thorns. You do not 

 know how much there is in the hedges. 



We have still the woods, with here and 

 there a forest, the beauty of the hills, and 

 the charm of winding brooks. I never see 

 roads, or horses, men, or anything when I 

 get beside a brook. There is the grass, and 

 the wheat, the clouds, the delicious sky, 

 and the wind, and the sunlight which falls 

 on the heart like a song. It is the same, the 

 very same, only I think it is brighter and 

 mtire lovely now than it was twenty years 

 ago. 



Along the footpath we travel slowly; 

 you cannot walk fast very long in a foot- 

 path ; no matter how rapidly at first you 

 soon lessen your pace, and so country people 

 always walk slowly. The stiles — how stu- 

 pidly they are put together. For years and 

 years every one who has passed them, as 

 long as man can remember, has grumbled 

 at them; yet there they are still, with the 

 elms reaching high above, and cows gazing 

 over — cows that look so powerful, but so 

 peacefully yield the way. 



. . . Hard as the farmer may work, 

 and plow and sow with engine and drill, 

 the surface of the land docs not much vary; 

 but the farmer himself and the farmer's 

 man are quite another race to what they 

 were. Perhaps it was from this fact that 

 the impression grew up that modern agri- 

 culture has polished away all the distinctive 

 characteristics of the country. But it has 

 not done so any more than it has removed 

 the hills. The truth is. as I have en- 

 deavored to explain, imiovations so soon 

 become old in the field?. The ancient earth 

 covers them with her own hoar antiquity, 

 and their newness disappears. They have 

 already become so mucli a part of the life 

 <if the country that it seems as if they had 

 always been there, so easily do they fit in, 

 so easily does the eye accept them. 



Intrinsically there is nothing used in 

 modern agriculture less symmetrical than 

 what was previously employed. The flails 



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always seen with the same accompaniment 

 — the interior of a barn. The threshing ma- 

 chine is certainly not less interesting; it 

 works in the open air, often with fine scenic 

 surroundings, and the number of people 

 with it impart vivacity. In reaping with 

 the reaping-hook there were more men in 

 the wheat, but the reaping machine is not 

 without color. Scythes are not at all pleas- 

 ant things; the mowing" machine is at least 

 no worse. .As for the steam plow, it is very 

 interesting to watch. All these fit in with 

 trees and hedges, fields and woods, as well, 

 as in some cases in a more strikin.g manner 

 than the old instruments. The surface of 

 the ground presents more varied colors 

 even than before, and the sunlight produces 

 rich effects. Nor have all the ancient as- 

 pects disappeared as supposed — quite the 

 reverse. . . . That there are many, very 

 many things concerning agriculture and 

 country life whose disappearance is to be 

 regretted I have often pointed out, and hav- 

 ing done so, I feel that I can with the more 

 strength affirm that in its natural beauty the 

 country is as lovely now as ever. — The Life 

 of the Fields. 



CULTIVATION BRINGS RESULTS 



Upon the cultivation of the soil will de- 



pend the successful growth of your garden 

 crops. If you do not cultivate, do not blame 

 any other factor if your crops fail. 



Briefly, cultivation conserves the moisture 

 in the soil, as it reduces evaporation to a 

 minimum. By reducing evaporation it 

 makes the soil warmer. .\11 surfaces from 

 which moisture evaporates rapidly, quickly 

 cool. From an uncultivated soil moisture 

 evaporates very freely, consequently the 

 temperature is lowered correspondingly, and 

 in some instances the difference in tempera- 

 ture between cultivated and uncultivated 

 plots side by side has been found as much 

 as eleven degrees, at a depth of eighteen 

 inches : this of course is an extreme. What 

 does this mean to the grower? Simply that 

 if he cultivates properh' the crops w'll ma- 

 ture m.uch earlier than on a soil not prop- 

 erly cultivated, due to the increased warmth 

 of the soil, and the yield will be larger, due 

 to the moisture which was conserved. 



Cultivation favors the access of oxygen 

 to the soil, and by so doing aids materially 

 in releasing or in rendering available the 

 plant foods which are usually present for 

 use by the crop. The chief of these, the 

 nitrates, cannot readily be formed in a soil 

 which is not cultivated or improperly so. 

 — Canadian Horticulturist. 



