20 



HARDWOOD RECORD 



method of eonstriieting wood gears is by 

 dovetailing shaped blocks into the rim of 

 the wheel. This idea is not a new one. 

 Formerly, a very strong combination of 

 hardwood and stone was used. After cut- 

 ting the necessary grooves in the cylindrie- 

 ally shaped stone, hardwood teeth were 

 driven in. These old-fashioned stone gears 

 with wood cogs may still he found in 

 service in some remote country mills to-day. 

 The stone disk is often two to five feet in 

 diameter and about fourteen inches thick; 

 the slots to receive the cogs tediously cut. 

 A pair of these gears will run indefinitely, 

 and when in course of time the cogs wear 

 out new ones may be .substituted. 



The same method has been used with the 

 cast-iron body. A gear is cast without cogs, 

 but with the necessary slots to receive 

 them. The cogs are then cut from some of 

 the hardwoods mentioned above and 

 shaped, either as that shown in figure 2, or 

 the straight form in figure 3. The cog is 

 forced into the wheel lim, as illustrated in 

 figure 4. A wire pin is often driven through 

 the cog and wheel rim, making a very strong 

 insertion. Sometimes the cogs reach com- 

 pletely from side to side, and again they 

 are sunk into slots cut only partly across the 

 rim. Figure 6 exhibits the finished cog 

 wheel. Gears of this nature are very fre- 

 quently employed in shops and mills. 



If cogs are kept well greased perfect run 

 ning results. If they ar« ])ermitted to run 

 dry, the friction soon wears off the edges, 

 thus destroying their gripping possibilities. 

 Therefore, manufacturers apply considerable 

 grease before the wheel is shipped so that 

 the wood may become thoroughly saturated 

 before the gears are used at all. Then if 

 gears, while in use, are regularly lubricated 

 the eog.s soon become very smooth and hard. 

 Like the rawhide gear, the hardwood gear 

 is often manufactured according to the plan 

 shown in figure 6. This is constructed en- 

 tirely of wood and is suitable for light 

 service. The gearing of ])ractically all old- 

 fashioned hall clocks is of wood. Many 

 of these gears were made a hundred j'ears 

 ago, and are still giving good service at the 

 present time. So hardwood gears are made 

 now in considerable numbers, which will last 

 indefinitely with proper treatment. Good 

 wood gearing may be ruined in a few 

 months tiy exposing the machinery to un- 

 usual dampness, which softens the wood and 

 causes it to swell and warp, destroying the 

 nicety of adjustment necessary to smooth 

 running. lu an average atmosphere, such 

 as in most industrial estal)lishments, wood 

 gears will run for years without giving 

 trouble. 



Figure 7 is a sketch of another form of 

 hardwood gear. The hardwood disk is made 

 first and the slots then cut to admit specially 

 shajied cogs, which are driven in sidcwise. 

 Where unusually great strength is desired 

 the cogs arc shaped as shown in figure 8. 

 Figure J» is an illustration of a popular form 



of cog used by many iiianut'acturcrs of hard- 

 wood gears. 



In shipping gears it is a wise plan for 

 manufacturers to give purchasers some in- 

 formation about their care. In many cases, 

 users of hardwood gears display entire ig- 

 norance of their proper treatment. The 

 writer has seen gearing buried in grease so 

 that the wood would rot in a very short 

 time. At another factory the floor was cov- 

 ered with grindings from cogs whicli liail 



evidently not been lubricated for months. 

 Mixtures of tar, black grease, etc., are often 

 used excessively, and one instance is 

 recorded of a man simply deluging wood 

 cogs with molasses. 



Gearing made from carefully selected 

 woods with proper care when in use will 

 give satisfaction for years. Since there are 

 certain purposes for which gears of hard- 

 wood are better suited than gears of any 

 other material, they will undoubtedly re- 

 rii.iin in service for vears to come. 



NeWs Miscellany. 



Back from North Carolina. 



AVood Beale. the timber expert of the well- 

 known timber buying and .selliiis house of 

 J. D. Lacey & Co., Old Colony building, this 

 city, is just home from a tour of investiga- 

 tion of sevei-al hardwood timber properties 

 in eastern Tennessee :iiid western North 

 Carolina. 



Mr. Beale is very enthusiastic over the 

 commercial possibilities of the lower Appal- 

 achian range as a future hardwood timber 

 supply for the countr.v. During the last few 

 >-ears this seetinn has been well opened up 



.V ISL.NCU OV FINE POPLAR LOGS. 



by railroads and several new lines are under 

 construction, and many more projected. Mr. 

 Beale thinks that the opportunity not only 

 for investment but for immediate operation 

 in this part of the country presents advantages 

 and prospects of profit not excelled by any 

 other section. 



J. D. Lacey & Co. are at present eng.aged 

 in estimating several timber properties in 

 this region and Mr. Beale is particularly en- 

 thusiastic over the excellfnt quality and high 

 average stumpage encountered. Accompany- 

 ing this paragraph is a half-tone illustration 

 uf a little bunch of big pop'.ar logs photo- 

 graphed by Mr. Beale in Haywood county. 

 North Carolina. 



Mr. Freeman finished his work October 1, and 

 has planted, with the aid of ten men and a fore- 

 man, 200 acres in hardwood timber. This makes 

 a total of 513 acres of hardwood timber now 

 under cultivation on the state forestry reserva- 

 tion. 



The state's purpose in going so heavily into 

 tree-planting is twofold. First, It hopes to 

 supplj- the farmers of the state, who will re- 

 alize the value of hardwood trees in the next 

 twenty to thirty years, with good specimens 

 of nur.sery trees for planting, and thus keep 

 the fine old hardw-ood timbers of Indiana 

 growing continuously. Second, the state will 

 make thousands of dollars out of the industry. 

 Trees that can not be sold for replanting will 

 be allowed to grow and in years to come will 

 yield well on the investment. 



The nardwood timbers that have been 

 planted this fall consist of walnut, oak. hick- 

 ory, chestnut, black locust, catalpa. yellow 

 poplar, white pine, maple and sycamore. The 

 trees to the number of a half million that 

 have been cultivated since a year ago last 

 spring are now in excellent condition. 



Mr. Freeman has begun the work of im- 

 proving the beautiful roads over the reserva- 

 tion. He has completed a new administra- 

 tion building. His gang of men on the place 

 is clearing out 1,400 acres of fine timber land, 

 giving from 100 to 1,200 fine hardwood trees 

 I)er acre ample facilities for growth. 



New Credit Rating Book. 

 The Il.Mii>w.r..r. l!i:r..Eii. is In n-eeip( .)l' the 

 October issue of the credit rating book of the 

 National Lumber Manufacturers' Credit Cor- 

 poration of St. Louis. This volume is a large 

 and complete one, being the fourth to be is- 

 sued by the association, and covers the entire 

 lumber Held of the Tnited Slates. An effort 

 has been made In this work to Include the 

 name of every manufacturer and reWller en- 

 titled to buy lumber in carload lots, and as far 

 as possible tti eliminate the names of con- 

 tractors who are In the habit of buying lumber 

 at whob'sale and using it exclusively in con- 

 tract work. The publication certainly rellccts 

 credit on the Credit Corporation and the efH- 

 clent work of Its superlntendenl. \V. F. Ble- 

 dermann. 



Indiana's 'Work in Tree Planting. 



Secretary Freeman of the state board of 

 forestry of Indiana announces that he has plant- 

 ed over 1,000,000 hardwood, trees on the stale 

 forestry reservation near Scottsburg. 



A Future Manufacturing Center of Ne- 

 braska. 



In its investigation of the natural resources 

 ailing the Northwestern Line the industrial de- 

 partment of that company has had its attention 

 called to a situation at a northern Nebraska 

 l)oint that in a way indicates what the future 

 of this western country may provide to the in- 

 dustrial world. The point referred to is a city 

 having a population of about 1,200 people lo- 

 cated on line of the groat rivers of the state. 

 This river iilToi-ds at this location a very desir- 

 able water power site with capiicity estimated 

 !it 4.O00 horsepower. This splendid power could 

 be used In many ways to great advantage. It 

 would bo especially valuable for the generation 

 of electric power that could be turned to inanu- 

 fact\irlni; pin-poses. .\s, for instance. If the 

 splcudiil deposits of glass sand that are found 

 close by, and which by analysis show 08 per cent 

 silica, could he used for the manufacture of 

 glass products by an electric process, the current 

 general ed by water power, a great opportunity 

 would sooiu to bo avnilnblc. 



With rcfcieucc to the mnnufacture of glass 

 by the electric arc a translation from a (ierman 

 process shows that It Is possible to reduce the 

 capital necessary for the erection of a plant, 

 giving a simpler, cleaner and ipilcker [irocess 

 and a considerable saving of heat, energy and 

 a pure product. The workmen arc not subject 

 lo the continual heat ; also it is not necessary 

 lo continue the work duiing the night as with 

 (be ordlniiry colli or giis methods, as the work 

 may be Inlorrnplcil at any time without Incurring 

 such eniinnous losses of lieiil. Among oilier re- 

 sources of this locution iii-e a supply of fullers' 

 earth, terra loltn dny. knolln. fire cliiy and 



