260 



HOBTIOULTUBB 



February 19, 1916 



Flower Market Reports 



{CtmtimmrJ fr.-m /.ipr JJ.0 



The St. Valentine's 

 WASHINGTON Hay business, ac- 

 cording to all re- 

 ports, was the best In the history of 

 the trade, and nt some of the stores 

 it was a hard matter to keep abreast 

 of the orders dcsiiiif the fact tliat like 

 at Easter time additional employees 

 were on hand. The heaviest run was 

 on violets whlih a few days previous 

 were in surh surplus as to make them 

 almost without price. For basket work 

 they lirought up to 75 cents per hun- 

 dred. Sweet peas were also in good 

 sale, hrinsing up to $L' per hundred for 

 the Spencer type. There was an un- 

 precedented demand for cattleyas 

 which caused the price to advance. 

 Like violets, these were slow sellers 

 during the preceding week. All vari- 

 eties of small roses sold well. The 

 stores found themselves quickly 

 cleaned out of red roses before the 

 day was in full swing and the call was 

 also heavy on red carnations. The 

 balance of the week found a shortage 

 of all kinBS of flowers, but the demand 

 fell off considerably. 



CARNATION "YELLOWS." 



A Paper hy Georpi- I^. Pellier. rend before 



the American Carnallon Society at 



St. Liuils. .T.Tniiary 21"., Itllfi. 



.A. study of carnation "Yellows" was 

 undertaken at the Illinois Station in 

 1912. when little or no attention was 

 given to this trouble by the carnation 

 grower. However, since that time it 

 has become so serious that it has been 

 called by a number of carnation men 

 one of the most serious diseases with 

 which we must contend today. Al- 

 though we have spent some time on 

 this problem each season for the past 

 four .seasons, the cause of this disease 

 remains unknown. However, at pres- 

 ent we have several promising clews 

 which may lead to its solution and 

 control. 



"Yellows" starts in the young leaves 

 and is first noticed as small pale green 

 areas varying in size and shape. On 

 holding an infected leaf up to the light 

 the dots are more plainly detected. 

 These spots become more distinct and 

 turn yellow, while the tissue beneath 

 collapses. The trouble is confined not 

 only to the leaves, but in badly infect- 

 ed plants, the branches and flower 

 stems may be covered. 



Apparently several distinct forms of 

 yellows can be recognized, which dif- 

 fer in general appearance and subse- 

 quent behavior. The early stages of 

 the first type consist of these small 

 dots, scattered irregularly through the 

 leaf. At first they are a paler green 

 than the surrounding tissues, but dis- 

 tinctly delineated upon it. The spots 

 Increase more or less rapidly until 

 they reach a diameter of 1-32 to 14 in. 

 Most of these spots are approximately 

 circular, but may be irregular in out- 

 line, rarely elongated. A single leaf 

 may have from one to fifty or more 

 spots. Another characteristic of this 

 first type is, that the spots do not tend 

 to make the leaves brittle. 



The development of the second form 

 is similar to the one above, except that 

 while still in the early stages the spots 

 unite and become very much elongated, 

 so that a single spot may be 1 to 2 

 Inches or more in length. On badly 



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infected leaves these elongated areas 

 run parallel to the midrib and have a 

 sort of flaky appearance. The leaves 

 become very brittle and are easily 

 snapped off. In the later stage the 

 cells beneath the infected areas col- 

 lapse, the spot becomes sunken and 

 finally turns brown as the leaf dies. 



A third form is found only on colored 

 varieties. Here the spots in the earlier 

 stages are yellow, but as they grow 

 older and larger the spots become 

 colored, the intensity depending on 

 the color of the flower. 



Microscopical observations show no 

 rupture of the leaf surface and with a 

 lens the bloom on the leaf above the 

 spots appears to be undisturbed. No 

 bacteria or fungi are present except 

 when the surface or epidermis of the 

 leaf is broken down. No insect 

 punctures, as have been described for 

 Stigmonose, have been observed in the 

 true "Yellows;" in fact no collapsed 

 tissue can be traced to the epidermis 



except in the later stages, when the 

 epidermis has been broken down. 



This trouble should not be confused 

 with Bacteriosis and Stigmonose. Bac- 

 teriosis is caused by a bacteria, while 

 Stigmonose is due to insect punctures. 

 The spots produced are distinctly dif- 

 ferent from those of "Yellows." 



After examining many plants of all 

 the standard varieties on the market, 

 I can safely say that all varieties 

 grown today have "Yellows." As all 

 varieties are more or less sub- 

 ject to this disease we can run no 

 record tests to determine the actual 

 amount of loss, so that we must resort 

 to mere observations which is not 

 always satisfactory. The direct loss, 

 as figured from the standpoint of 

 flower production, is not great. How- 

 ever, the quality of the flower Is 

 lowered directly as the vitality of the 

 plant from "Yellows" is lowered. 



The indirect loss from "Yellows" is 

 considerable. Observation shows that 



