February 10, 1917 



HARDWOOD RECORD 



41b 



time required for sawing each log. The number of seconds were_ 

 plotted against the diameter in inches ior ea<ih log"as sEowiT in fig- 

 iire 1. A curve was then drawn through these points and shows that 

 the average time increased from 90 seconds for a 9-inch log to 237 

 seconds for a 17-inch log. 



Forty of the logs were cut into l-inch stock, with a 4"x6" timber 

 from the center of each log, and ten were cut into 2" and 3" material, 

 leaving a 4"s6" boxed heart. The lumber was then graded in a green 

 condition by an inspector of the National Hardwood Lumber Asso- 

 ciation. The yield by grades for logs of the same top diameter were 

 totaled, averaged and the averages shown by the dotted lines in 

 figure 2. Representative curves (see heavy lines — figure 2) were then 

 drawn for each grade. The firsts and seconds varied from 2.5 per 

 cent at 13" to 20.5 per cent at 17"; No. 1 common increased from 4 

 per cent at 9" to 32.5 per cent at 17" ; No. 2 common remained nearly 

 constant, increasing from 14 per cent at 9" to 20.5 per cent at 12%" 

 and then decreasing to 16 per cent at 17" ; No. 3 common decreased 

 from 81 per cent at 9" to 31 per cent at 17". 



The total yield of each log was plotted against diameter and a 

 curve drawn through the points. This yield is shown by curve A in 

 figure 3. These to- 

 tals by diameters as 

 shown in Table 1, 

 varied from 49.5 

 feet for a 9" log to 

 210.5 feet for a 17" 

 log. The average 

 total yield for any 

 sized log multiplied 

 by the per cents of 

 each grade for the 

 same sized log as 

 shown in figure 2, 

 give the average 

 number of board 

 feet of each grade 

 cut from the log. 



With the yield 

 4ind the time of saw- 

 ing for the various 

 logs, the average 

 rate of production 

 per hour for logs of 

 a specified diameter 

 was computed as 

 follows : 



LOGGING WASTE FOR DESTRUCTIVE DISTILLATION. 



Much material may be collected from branches and broken or defective trunks which not only 

 returns a profit to tbe manufacturer, but diminishes fire danger in the forest. 



Yield (feetb.m.) 



X 3,600 



Time of sawing (seconds) 

 This is shown graphically by a curve in figure 1 and as stated in 

 Table 1 the average rate of production varied from 1,953 feet per 

 hour for 9-inch logs to 3,357 feet per hour for 17-inch logs. 



Realization 



The gross returns were figured by using the base price list of the 

 cooperator for March 1, 1915, consisting of the following prices per 

 thousand feet board measure, f. o. b. mill, for maple lumber. 



Firsts & seconds 4/4" $29.00 



8/4" 31.00 



12/4" 39.00 



No. 1 common 4/4" IS.OO 



8/4" 20.00 



12/4" 29.00 



No. 2 common 4/4" 12.00 



No. 3 common 4/4" & 8/4" 9.00 



thicker 10.00 



The realization for any size log per thousand feet board measure 

 is equivalent to the yield in thousand feet b. m. of each grade multi- 

 plied by its selling price, and the total for all grades divided by the 

 yield for the log in thousand feet board measure. The realization 

 for the logs used in this study are stated in tabic 1. 



Cost of Production 



The net returns for logs of different sizes varies not only with 

 gross returns but also with the cost of production. In order to deter- 

 mine this variable log cost it was necessary to use the average costs of 

 logging, milling, and yarding, in conjunction with the yield and time 

 of sawing secured during the study. As previously stated the co- 

 operator furnished the cost data as the averages for the mUl for the 

 first sis months of 1915. 



These data are shown in Table 1 and figure 4. The following is the 

 method of procedure: 



Cakrting Charges. — $0.88 per M, Doyle scale. Includes 6 per cent 

 interest on stumpage, 1 per cent taxes, and 1 per cent supervision. 

 This is shown by curve (or line) No. 1 in figure 4. 



Stumpage Valuation. — $2.00 per M, Doyle scale. This plus the 

 carrying charges is shown by curve (or line) No. 2. 



Logging Costs.- — The average cost was $7.60 per M, Doyle scale, 

 but as part of this cost varied with the size of the log the average has 

 been separated as follows: 



a. Fixed Logging 

 Cost. — F o r t y p e r 

 cent of the average 

 cost of logging, or 

 $3.04, representing 

 the cost of sawing, 

 and the like, was 

 considered fairly 

 constant for logs 

 ranging from 9 to 

 17 inches in diam- 

 eter. The average 

 maple log scale for 

 the six months was 

 85 feet. This fixed 

 logging cost plus the 

 carrying and stump- 

 age value is shown 

 in curve (or line) 

 No. 3. 



The foregoing 

 data when shown 

 graphically take the 

 form of straight 

 lines, since it is as- 

 sumed that these 

 charges do not vary 

 according to the varying size of the log. 



b. Variable Logging Cost. — It is assumed that 60 per cent of the 

 average logging cost, or $4.56, representing costs of swamping, load- 

 ing, skidding, etc., will vary with the size of the log, or, in other 

 words, that this logging cost will be greater or less than the average 

 in proportion to the relation of the assumed average Doyle scale of 

 85 feet to the Doyle scale of any sized log under consideration. 



In figure 4, curve No. 4 has been plotted by adding to curve (or 

 line) No. 3 the costs per M, Doyle scale. Curve No. 5 represents the 

 costs in curve No. 4 reduced to net lumber tally. 



General and Manufacturing Costs. — It is assumed that of these, 

 $6.26 per M net lumber tally, or the general cost, is fixed. This repre- 

 sents sorting, piling, insurance, sales expense, taxes on product inven- 

 tory, yard repairs, 6 per cent on the capital employed in the business 

 and 6 per cent profit on the capital employed in the business exclusive 

 of the timber,' etc. This has been added to curve No. 5, the result 

 being shown by curve No. 6. 



The Average Manufacturing Cost 



There remains the average manufacturing or mill cost of $3.76 

 per M net lumber tally, which varies with the size of the log, viz., 

 this expense wUl increase or decrease per M according to the quantity 

 of lumber sawed in a given time. The rate of production at the 



